Abstract
Migration is here to stay, and contrary to widely held beliefs, this movement is not one sided i.e. south to north. Enhanced Mode 4 commitments are a win–win situation for all involved. The service supplier gets financial consideration for services supplied while the host country benefits from availing its citizens with skilled manpower providing services that they themselves are demanding (as it is contract based) and the fees and charges (as well as taxes) service suppliers pay in the process of providing the service. The need to develop supportive environments for enhanced Mode 4 commitments is therefore urgent.
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Notes
- 1.
See for example Bhagwati (2002).
- 2.
Article V: (7) (a), GATS.
- 3.
Bhagwati (2008) at p. 25.
- 4.
Adlung and Miroudot (2012), supra.
- 5.
Paragraph 7: (b) and 9 of the Transparency Mechanism for Regional Trade Agreements (Decision of 14 December 2006 WTO Document WT/L/671). This reduces the possibility for the Secretariat to point out any fundamental issues or concerns.
- 6.
See Paragraph 10, ibid.
- 7.
Paragraphs 12, 11 and 13, ibid.
- 8.
Online available: http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx.
- 9.
For more on the Global Forum on Migration and Development (2012).
- 10.
Online available: http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/92120215.pdf.
- 11.
GATS Articles XIII, X and XV respectively.
- 12.
Article VI: 4, GATS.
- 13.
Adlung and Miroudot (2012), supra, at p. 4.
- 14.
Rollo (2009), pp. 684–704.
- 15.
Adlung and Miroudot (2012), supra.
- 16.
Panizzon (2010), supra.
- 17.
Miroudot et al. (2010).
- 18.
Panizzon (2010), supra.
- 19.
Article X: (1), GATS.
- 20.
For more information on the overall negotiations on GATS Rules, see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gats_rules_negs_e.htm.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
WTO Document S/CSS/W/12.
- 23.
Paragraph 4, Mode 4 Annex.
- 24.
Footnote to Paragraph 4, ibid.
- 25.
WTO Document TN/S/W/25 of 26 November 2004. For more on the e Visa see http://www.immi.gov.au/visitors/tourist/evisitor/#a.
- 26.
Ibid.
- 27.
WTO Document TN/S/W/25, supra.
- 28.
Ibid.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
For more on the APEC Business Travel Card.
- 31.
See for example, WTO Document S/CSS/W/12, at p. 2.
- 32.
See for example Lindow Megan (2008), “Zimbabweans Fleeing South Africa” Time World. Online available: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1808958,00.html.
- 33.
See Article VII: (2), GATS.
- 34.
See WTO Document S/CSS/W/12, at p. 3. Also see Communication from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, The People’s Republic of China, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines and Thailand. WTO Document TN/S/W/14.
- 35.
Paragraph 3, Mode 4 Annex.
- 36.
WTO Document S/CSS/W/12.
- 37.
See single alternative, WTO Document S/WPDR/W/45 of 14 April 2011 at p. 49.
- 38.
WTO Document WT/AfT/1.
- 39.
For more information on the Third Global Review, see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/global_review11_e.htm. Accessed on 22 March 2012.
- 40.
For more information on the EIF, see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/teccop_e/if_e.htm.
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WTO Documents
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WT/WPGR/21.
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Kategekwa, J. (2014). Recommendations for Enhancing Mode 4 Commitments Through Regulatory Co-operation and Reform. In: Opening Markets for Foreign Skills: How Can the WTO Help?. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03548-2_11
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