Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention of Breast Cancer Metastases

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
miRNAs and Target Genes in Breast Cancer Metastasis

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Cancer Research ((BRIEFSCANCER))

  • 649 Accesses

Abstract

A large percentage of Americans are plagued by cancer. In the United States, one third of females and one half of males face the condition sometime in their lifetime. One type of cancer that has adversely impacted the lives of many on a multinational scale is breast cancer (BC). In order to effectively battle and prevent the condition of BC, it is critical to obtain a better understanding of the biology of BC and its metastases. An important step to gain better understanding is by studying risk factors. Under this category, it is important to consider both occupational hazards and genetic predispositions. Additionally, drugs are ever-important in the fight against any disease. In the fight against BC, it is important to be aware of new drugs for BC prevention and cure. However, older drugs should not be disregarded, and thus, studies should continue to search for new information concerning their side effects and uses. Lastly, since 90 % of cancer deaths occur due to metastases, this aspect of cancer cannot be disregarded. Prevention and treatment methods for BC metastases must also be considered. Thus, this article will represent discussion on risk factors, information about new and existent drugs, and treatment and prevention for BC metastases, especially to bones and the brain. This article will also discuss new ways to synergize existing conventional drugs and preventive technologies in order to achieve optimal management strategies for eradicating BC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kobayashi LC, Limburg H, Miao Q, Woolcott C, Bedard LL, Massey TE et al (2012) Folate intake, alcohol consumption, and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene polymorphism: influence on prostate cancer risk and interactions. Front Oncol 2:100

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Pollan M, Lope V, Miranda-Garcia J, Garcia M, Casanova F, Sanchez-Contador C et al (2012) Adult weight gain, fat distribution and mammographic density in Spanish pre- and post-menopausal women (DDM-Spain). Breast Cancer Res Treat 134:823–838

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Cazzaniga M, Varricchio C, Montefrancesco C, Feroce I, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A (2012) Fenretinide (4-HPR): a preventive chance for women at genetic and familial risk? J Biomed Biotechnol 2012:172897

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Coviello AD, Haring R, Wellons M, Vaidya D, Lehtimaki T, Keildson S et al (2012) A genome-wide association meta-analysis of circulating sex hormone-binding globulin reveals multiple loci implicated in sex steroid hormone regulation. PLoS Genet 8:e1002805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Mohr SB, Gorham ED, Alcaraz JE, Kane CI, Macera CA, Parsons JK et al (2012) Does the evidence for an inverse relationship between serum vitamin D status and breast cancer risk satisfy the Hill criteria? Dermatoendocrinology 4:152–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Smolarek AK, Suh N (2011) Chemopreventive activity of vitamin E in breast cancer: a focus on gamma- and delta-tocopherol. Nutrients 3:962–986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Bougie O, Weberpals JI (2011) Clinical considerations of B. Int J Surg Oncol 2011:374012

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Roetzheim RG, Ferrante JM, Lee JH, Chen R, Love-Jackson KM, Gonzalez EC et al (2012) Influence of primary care on breast cancer outcomes among medicare beneficiaries. Ann Fam Med 10:401–411

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Moller P (2004) Towards evidence-based management of inherited breast and breast-ovarian cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2:11–16

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Pasanisi P, Hedelin G, Berrino J, Chang-Claude J, Hermann S, Steel M et al (2009) Oral contraceptive use and BRCA penetrance: a case-only study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:2107–2113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Salhab M, Bismohun S, Mokbel K (2010) Risk-reducing strategies for women carrying BRCA1/2 mutations with a focus on prophylactic surgery. BMC Women’s Health 10:28

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Aft RL, Naughton M, Trinkaus K, Weilbaecher K (2012) Effect of (Neo)adjuvant zoledronic acid on disease-free and overall survival in clinical stage II/III breast cancer. Br J Cancer 107:7–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A, Smith T et al (2012) Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 62:220–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Nelson HD, Huffman LH, Fu R, Harris EL (2005) Genetic risk assessment and BRCA mutation testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility: systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 143:362–379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Xue F, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Hankinson SE, Michels KB (2011) Cigarette smoking and the incidence of breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 171:125–133

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Pieta B, Chmaj-Wierzchowska K, Opala T (2012) Life style and risk of development of breast and ovarian cancer. Ann Agric Environ Med 19:379–384

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Malspeis S, Spiegelman D, Chen W et al (2010) Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer: a prospective study of young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:2496–2502

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Huang Y, Kang M, Li H, Li JY, Zhang JY, Liu LH et al (2012) Combined performance of physical examination, mammography, and ultrasonography for breast cancer screening among Chinese women: a follow-up study. Curr Oncol 19:eS22–eS30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Hoffman A, Pellenberg R, Drendall CI, Seewaldt V (2012) Comparison of random periareolar fine needle aspirate versus ductal lavage for risk assessment and prevention of breast cancer. Curr Breast Cancer Rep 4:180–187

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Litton JK, Bevers TB, Arun BK (2012) Exemestane in the prevention setting. Ther Adv Med Oncol 4:107–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Bersini S, Jeon JS, Dubini G, Arrigoni C, Chung S, Charest JL et al (2014) A microfluidic 3D in vitro model for specificity of breast cancer metastasis to bone. Biomaterials 35:2454–2461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Qin C, He B, Dai W, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang J et al (2014) Inhibition of metastatic tumor growth and metastasis via targeting metastatic breast cancer by chlorotoxin-modified liposomes. Mol Pharm. doi:10.1021/mp400691z

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bendinelli P, Maroni P, Matteucci E, Luzzati A, Perrucchini G, Desiderio MA (2014) Microenvironmental stimuli affect Endothelin-1 signaling responsible for invasiveness and osteomimicry of bone metastasis from breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1843:815–826

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Fazilaty H, Mehdipour P (2014) Genetics of breast cancer bone metastasis: a sequential multistep pattern. Clin Exp Metastasis 31(5):595–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Vona-Davis L, Rose DP, Gadiyaram V, Ducatman B, Hobbs G, Hazard H et al (2014) Breast cancer pathology, receptor status, and patterns of metastasis in a rural Appalachian population. J Cancer Epidemiol 2014:170634

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Flores IL, Dos Santos-Silva AR, Coletta RD, Vargas PA, Lopes MA (2014) Synchronous antiresorptive osteonecrosis of the jaws and breast cancer metastasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 117:e264–e268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Park SY, Kim HJ, Kim KR, Lee SK, Lee CK, Park KK et al (2014) Betulinic acid, a bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoid, inhibits skeletal-related events induced by breast cancer bone metastases and treatment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 275:152–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Salhia B, Kiefer J, Ross JT, Metapally R, Martinez RA, Johnson KN et al (2014) Integrated genomic and epigenomic analysis of breast cancer brain metastasis. PLoS One 9:e85448

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Wu X, Luo B, Wei S, Luo Y, Feng Y, Xu J et al (2013) Efficiency and prognosis of whole brain irradiation combined with precise radiotherapy on triple-negative breast cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 9(Suppl):S169–S172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Saha A, Ghosh SK, Roy C, Choudhury KB, Chakrabarty B, Sarkar R (2013) Demographic and clinical profile of patients with brain metastases: a retrospective study. Asian J Neurosurg 8:157–161

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Gil-Gil MJ, Martinez-Garcia M, Sierra A, Conesa G, Del BS, Gonzalez-Jimenez S et al (2014) Breast cancer brain metastases: a review of the literature and a current multidisciplinary management guideline. Clin Transl Oncol 16(5):436–446

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Do J, Foster D, Renier C, Vogel H, Rosenblum S, Doyle TC et al (2014) Ex vivo Evans blue assessment of the blood brain barrier in three breast cancer brain metastasis models. Breast Cancer Res Treat 144:93–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Khanfir A, Lahiani F, Bouzguenda R, Ayedi I, Daoud J, Frikha M (2013) Prognostic factors and survival in metastatic breast cancer: a single institution experience. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 18:127–132

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of Interest

All the authors declare no competing conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 Hudson Webber Cancer Research Center, 4100 John R Street, Detroit, MI, USA

    Manal Nizam, Saba Haq, Raagini Suresh & Fazlul H. Sarkar

  2. Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    Shadan Ali, Ramzi M. Mohammad & Fazlul H. Sarkar

Authors
  1. Manal Nizam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Saba Haq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shadan Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Raagini Suresh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ramzi M. Mohammad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Fazlul H. Sarkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fazlul H. Sarkar .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nizam, M., Haq, S., Ali, S., Suresh, R., Mohammad, R.M., Sarkar, F.H. (2014). Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention of Breast Cancer Metastases. In: miRNAs and Target Genes in Breast Cancer Metastasis. SpringerBriefs in Cancer Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08162-5_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation