Abstract
Intensive and violent intergroup conflicts that rage in different parts of the world are real. These conflicts center over disagreements focusing on contradictory goals and interests in different domains and must be addressed in conflict resolution. It is well known, however, that the disagreements could potentially be resolved if not the powerful sociopsychological barriers which fuel and maintain the conflicts. These barriers inhibit and impede progress toward peaceful settlement of the conflict. They stand as major obstacles to begin the negotiation, to continue the negotiation, to achieve an agreement, and later to engage in a process of reconciliation. These barriers are found among both leaders and society members that are involved in vicious, violent, and protracted intergroup conflicts. They pertain to the integrated operation of cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes combined with a preexisting repertoire of rigid supporting beliefs, worldviews, and emotions that result in selective, biased, and distorted information processing. This processing obstructs and inhibits the penetration of new information that can potentially contribute to facilitating progress in the peacemaking process. The chapter elaborates on the nature of the sociopsychological barriers and proposes preliminary ideas of how to overcome them. These ideas focus on the unfreezing process which eventually may lead to reduced adherence to this repertoire, which supports the conflict’s continuation and evaluation, and increased readiness to entertain beliefs that promote peacemaking.
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Notes
- 1.
Intractable conflicts are violent, fought over goals viewed as existential, perceived as being of zero sum nature and unsolvable, preoccupy a central position in the lives of the involved societies, require immense investments of material and psychological resources, and last for at least 25 years (Bar-Tal 2007a, 2013; Kriesberg 1993).
- 2.
Societal beliefs are the building blocks of narratives. They are defined as shared cognitions by the society members that address themes and issues that the society members are particularly occupied with and which contribute to their sense of uniqueness (Bar-Tal 2000).
- 3.
- 4.
It is recognized that not all members of societies involved in intractable conflict share equally the repertoire. Societies differ in the extent of sharing the societal beliefs of ethos and of collective memory. Moreover, there are societies that hold contradicting ethos even at the height of the conflict and others may develop it with time.
- 5.
Still the process of change may take place with great difficulty, duration and obstacles.
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Bar-Tal, D., Halperin, E., Pliskin, R. (2015). Why Is It So Difficult to Resolve Intractable Conflicts Peacefully? A Sociopsychological Explanation. In: Galluccio, M. (eds) Handbook of International Negotiation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10687-8_7
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