Abstract
Different types of nanomaterials possess excellent physical and chemical properties. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been implicated for use in drug and gene delivery. Several in vitro and in vivo studies suggest the cytotoxic and proinflammatory potential of NPs. Further, parenteral administration of NPs results in their accumulation in several tissues. The possible mechanism of toxicity appears to be production of free radicals, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and translocation of transcription factors from cytoplasm to nucleus. This leads to induction of apoptosis, growth arrest, and cell death. Further, factors like nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) lead to production of proinflammatory cytokines. The present review focuses on the cytotoxicity, biodistribution, and mechanism of NPs toxicity with special emphasis on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) toxicity.
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Abbreviations
- ADME:
-
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- Akt:
-
Protein kinase B
- AP-1:
-
Activator protein 1
- BAL:
-
Bronchoalveolar lavage
- BaP:
-
Benzo[a]pyrene
- BBB:
-
Blood brain barrier
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- F-CNTs:
-
Functionalized CNTs
- GRAS:
-
Generally regarded as safe
- IL:
-
Interleukins
- LDL:
-
Low density lipoproteins
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen activated protein kinase
- MCP 1:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MMP:
-
Mitochondrial membrane potential
- MN:
-
Micronucleus
- mt DNA:
-
Mitochondrial DNA
- MWCNTs:
-
Multi walled carbon nanotubes
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor-κB
- NIR:
-
Near infrared
- NPs:
-
Nanoparticles
- PARP:
-
Poly ADP ribose polymerase
- PDGF:
-
Platelet derived growth factor
- PLGA:
-
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- QDs:
-
Quantum dots
- RES:
-
Reticuloendothelial system
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- SWCNTs:
-
Single walled carbon nanotubes
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscope
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- α-SMA:
-
Alpha smooth muscle actin
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Godugu, C., Singh, R.P., Poduri, R. (2015). Nanotoxicology: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions. In: Devarajan, P., Jain, S. (eds) Targeted Drug Delivery : Concepts and Design. Advances in Delivery Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_23
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