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Nanoparticles in Restorative Materials

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Nanotechnology in Endodontics

Abstract

Nanotechnology has made significant progress in the past 20 years. Particles as small as 3 nm are being employed in restorative materials in attempts to improve their functional performance. There are currently many commercial brands with different particle size distribution; some of them are termed nanohybrids, where nanoparticles (minimum size ~3 nm) are associated with particles larger than 100 nm. Materials called nanofill contain nanoparticles with a more even distribution (smaller than 100 nm). Amongst the particles used, some of them are applied to enhance the material’s bioactivity, which may control or reduce viable bacterial count on the tooth surface or on the tooth–restoration interface. Some examples of those particles are titanium dioxide (TiO2), chlorhexedine-hexametaphosphate (CHX-HMP) and silver (Ag). Nanofillers are also used to improve the material’s clinical performance, by either strengthening the restoration or enhancing its aesthetic characteristics, such as translucency and polishability. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), colloidal platinum and zirconia–silica nanoparticles are examples in this category of nanofillers. Amongst the desirable characteristics of nano-based restorative materials are higher mechanical properties; enhanced ion release of glass ionomer cements; development of bioactive adhesives, to provide antibacterial effect within the restoration or at the tooth–restoration interface; polishability and stable optical properties of resin composites; phase stability of high–crystalline content ceramics and lesser chipping of dental porcelains. The main goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the advancements in the field of restorative materials with the application of nanoparticles. Nonetheless, it is worth mentioning that any progress reported here is very novel and has not been fully investigated, and more investigations are required before new restorative materials can be widely disseminated as a permanent solution to a given clinical problem.

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Abbreviations

4-META/MMA-TBB:

4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride in methyl methacrylate initiated by tri-n-butyl borane

ACP:

Amorphous calcium phosphate

Ag:

Silver

Al2O3 :

Aluminum trioxide or alumina

AlF3 :

Aluminum fluoride

BaSO4 :

Barium sulfate

Bis-EMA:

Ethoxylated bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate

Bis-GMA:

Bisphenol-glycidil methacrylate

Bz:

Benzoate

Ca/P:

Calcium phosphate

CAD-CAM:

Computer-aided design/Computer-aided manufacturing

CDHA:

Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite

CeO2 :

Cerium dioxide

Ce-TZP:

Cerium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal

CFU:

Colony forming units

CHX:

Chlorhexedine

CHX-HMP:

Chlorhexedine-hexametaphosphate

CPN:

Colloidal platinum nanoparticles

CQ:

Camphorquinone

DEB:

Dentin enamel body

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

F:

Fluoride

FA:

Fluorapatite

FeCl3 :

Ferric chloride

FSS:

Filtek Supreme Standard

FST:

Filtek Supreme Translucent

GA:

Glyoxylic acid

GIC:

Glass ionomer cement

HA:

Hydroxyapatite

HEMA:

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate

HNT:

Halloysite nanotubes

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

MMP:

Matrix-metalloproteinase

MOD:

Mesio occlusal distal

MPTMS:

3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane

N:

Zinc

N:

Newton

nACP:

Nano-amorphous calcium phosphate

nAg:

Nano-silver

nCAF2 :

Calcium fluoride nanoparticles

n-CDHA:

Nano calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite

nDCPA:

Nano-dicalcium phosphate anhydrous

nHA:

Nano-hydroxyapatite

nm:

Nanometer

NVP:

N-vinylpyrrolidone

PMAA:

Polymetracrylic acid

PO4 :

Phosphate

ppm:

Parts per million

QADM:

Quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate

QA-PEI:

Quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

TEGDMA:

Trithylene glycol dimethacrylate

TiO2 :

Titanium dioxide

UDMA:

Urethane-dimethacrylate

wt%:

By weight percent

YbF3 :

Ytterbium fluoride

YSZ:

Ytrium-stabilized zirconia

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

ZrO2 :

Zirconium dioxide or zirconia

ZTA:

Zirconia toughened alumina

μm:

Micrometer

μm/m.K:

Micrometer per meter Kelvin

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  1. Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON, M5G1G6, Canada

    Grace M. De Souza DDS, MSc, PhD

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    Anil Kishen

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De Souza, G.M. (2015). Nanoparticles in Restorative Materials. In: Kishen, A. (eds) Nanotechnology in Endodontics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13575-5_8

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