Skip to main content

Sex Work

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the cultural practices and prevailing global regulatory frameworks that surround the exchange of sex or sexualized intimacy for money or something of value. Following a discussion regarding the origins of, and controversies surrounding, this descriptive term, it elucidates and reviews seven major forms of sexual labor discussed in the interdisciplinary cross-cultural literature: live stage shows, pornography, massage and sauna, escorting, establishment-based, tourism-related, and street-based. Subsequent analysis situates these major forms within the three predominant approaches of criminalization, legalization, and decriminalization, and discusses arguments for and against each approach as well as examples of their implementation throughout the world. The chapter then reviews methodologies commonly employed in studies of sex work and highlights potentially fruitful areas for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abel, G., Fitzgerald, L., Healy, C., & Taylor, A. (2010). Taking the crime out of sex work: New Zealand sex workers’ fight for decriminalization. Bristol: The Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, S. (2010). Motivations for pursuing a career in pornography. In R. Weitzer (Ed.), Sex for sale: Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry (2nd ed., pp. 47–66). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albury, K. (2014). Porn and sex education, porn as sex education. Porn Studies, 1(1–2), 172–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almodovar, N. (1993). Cop to call girl: Why I quit the LAPD to make an honest living as a Beverly Hills prostitute. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, S. (2012). Just how big are porn sites? ExtremeTech. http://www.extremetech.com/computing/123929-just-how-big-are-porn-sites. Accessed 4 April 2014.

  • Applications of Islamic law. (2005). The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/12/weekinreview/rohdtext.html. Accessed 12 March 2005.

  • Attwood, F. (2011). Through the looking glass? Sexual agency and subjectification online. In R. Gill & C. Scharff (Eds.), New femininities (pp. 203–214). Melbourne: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augustín, L. (2007). Sex at the margins: Migration, labor markets and the rescue industry. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakehorn, J. (2010). Women-made pornography. In R. Weitzer (Ed.), Sex for sale: Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry (2nd ed., pp. 99–150). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, B. (2006). Stripped: Inside the lives of exotic dancers. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, S. (2012). No end in sight: Why the “end demand” movement is the wrong focus for efforts to eliminate human trafficking. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 35, 523–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, E. (2007a). The sexual politics of the ‘new abolitionism. Differences: Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 18(3), 128–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, E. (2007b). Sex work for the middle classes. Sexualities, 10(4), 473–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, E. (2007c). Temporarily yours: Intimacy, authenticity, and the commerce of sex. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchette, T., & da Silva, A. (2011). Prostitution in contemporary Rio de Janeiro. In S. Dewey & P. Kelly (Eds.), Policing pleasure: Sex work, policy, and the state in global perspective (pp. 130–145). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleakley, P. (2014). “500 tokens to go private”: Camgirls, cybersex and feminist entrepreneurship. Sexuality & Culture, 18(4), 892–910.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, K. (2011). Producing abuse: Selling the harms of pornography. Women’s Studies International Forum, 34(6), 593–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley-Engen, M. (2009). Naked lives: Inside the worlds of exotic dance. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, D. (2004). What’s love got to do with it? Transnational desires and sex tourism in the Dominican Republic. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brents, B., & Hausbeck, K. (2005). Violence and legalized brothel prostitution in Nevada: Examining safety, risk, and prostitution policy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(3), 270–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brents, B., Jackson, C., & Hausbeck, K. (2010). The state of sex: Tourism, sex, and sin in the new American heartland. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, S. (2010a). Hypersexualization and the dark body: Race and inequality among black and Latina women in the exotic dance industry. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 7(2), 70–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, S. (2010b). Unequal desires: Race and erotic capital in the stripping industry. Albany: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bungay, V., Halpin, M., Halpin, P., Johnston, C., & Patrick, D. (2012). Violence in the massage parlor industry: Experiences of Canadian-born and immigrant women. Health Care for Women International, 33, 262–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabezas, A. (2009). Economies of desire: Sex and tourism in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chateauvert, M. (2014). Sex workers unite: A history of the sex workers’ rights movement from Stonewall to Slutwalk. Boston: Beacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, S. (2010). On the move for love: Migrant entertainers and the U.S. military in South Korea. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, K., & Finckenauer, J. (2012). Selling sex overseas: Chinese women and the realities of prostitution and global sex trafficking. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, R. J., Clarke, E. A., Roe-Sepowitz, D., & Fey, R. (2012). Age at entry into prostitution: Relationship to drug use, race, suicide, education level, childhood abuse, and family experiences. Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 22(3), 270–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J. (2010). Sex and salvation: Imagining the future in Madagascar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Crofts, P. (2010). Brothels: Outlaws or citizens? International Journal of Law in Context, 6(2), 151–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cusick, L. (2006). Widening the harm reduction agenda: From drug use to sex work. International Journal of Drug Policy, 17, 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalla, R., Xia, Y., & Kennedy, H. (2003). “You just give them what they want and pray they don’t kill you:” Street-level sex workers’ reports of victimization, personal resources and coping strategies. Violence against Women, 9(11), 1367–1394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dank, M., Khan, B., Downey, P., Kotonias, C., Mayer, D., Owens, C., Pacifici, L., Yu, L. (2014). Estimating the size and structure of the underground commercial sex economy in eight major US cities. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Day, S. (2007). On the game: Women and sex work. London: Pluto.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMarco, J. (2002). The world of gay strippers. The Gay & Lesbian Review, 9(2), 12–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, S. (2010). Neon wasteland: On love, motherhood, and sex work in a Rust Belt town. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, S., & Kelly, P. (Eds.). (2011). Policing pleasure: Sex work, policy, and the state in global perspective. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, S., & St. Germain, T. (2014). Sex workers/sex offenders: Exclusionary criminal justice practices in New Orleans. Feminist Criminology. doi:10.1177/1557085114541141

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, S., & Zheng, T. (2013). Ethical research with sex workers: Anthropological approaches. New York: Springer (SpringerBriefs in Anthropology and Ethics)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dines, G. (2011). Pornland: How porn has hijacked our sexuality. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doezema, J. (2000). Loose women or lost women?: The re-emergence of the myth of white slavery in contemporary discourses of trafficking in women. Gender Issues, 18(1), 23–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donaghue, N., Kurz, T., & Whitehead, K. (2011) Spinning the pole: A discursive analysis of the websites of recreational pole dancing studios. Feminism & Psychology, 21(4), 443–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, B., & Barnes-Brus, T. (2011). Narratives of sexual consent and coercion: Forced prostitution trials in Progressive-Era New York City. Law & Social Inquiry, 36(3), 597–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, A. (1981). Pornography: Men possessing women. London: The Women’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J., Halpern, C., & Wechsberg, W. (2006). Correlates of exchanging sex for drugs or money among women who use crack cocaine. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18(5), 420–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, D. (2006). Dancing for dollars and paying for love and paying for love: The relationships between exotic dancers and their regulars. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Escoffier, J. (2007). Porn star/stripper/escort: Economic and sexual dynamics in a sex work career. Journal of Homosexuality, 53(1/2), 173–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farley, M. (2007). Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: Making the connections. San Francisco: Prostitution Research & Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foulkes, I. (2013). Zurich introduces “drive-in” sex boxes. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23839358. Accessed 26 Aug. 2014.

  • Frank, K. (2002). G-strings and sympathy: Strip club regulars and male desire. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, G. (2011). An agency of their own: Sex worker union organising. Winchester: Zero Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, J., Adams, L., Hart, C., Mitchell, S., & Kruger, A. (2012). Pornography actors: A qualitative analysis of motivations and dislikes. North American Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 245–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, J., Mitchell, S., Hart, C., Adams, L., & Gu, L. (2013). Pornography actresses: An assessment of the damaged goods hypothesis. Journal of Sex Research, 50(7), 621–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grudzen, C., Ryan, G., Margold, W., Torres, J., & Gelberg, L. (2009). Pathways to health risk exposure in adult film performers. Journal of Urban Health, 86(1), 67–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, J. L. (2012). Naked truth: Strip clubs, democracy, and a Christian right. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, C., O’Connor, J., Fairley, C., Wand, H., Chen, M., Marshall, L., Egger, S., Kaldor, J. M., & Donovan, B. (2010). The decriminalization of prostitution is associated with better coverage of health promotion programs for sex workers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 34(5), 482–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, S. (2008). The pornography of reality. Sexualities, 11(1/2), 60–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoang, K. (2011). “She’s not a low class dirty girl!”: Sex work in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 40(4), 367–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoefinger, H. (2013). Sex, love and money in Cambodia: Professional girlfriends and transactional relationships. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, P., & Sanders, T. (2003). Making space for sex work: Female street prostitution and the production of urban space. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27(1), 75–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. (2003). Humanitarian sexploitation: The world’s sex slaves need liberation, not condoms. The Weekly Standard, 8(23). http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/condoms_sex_slaves. Accessed 14 Aug. 2014.

  • Hunt, D. (2011). Mr. Angel. Monroe: Pearl Wolf Productions, LLC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwahng, S., & Nuttbrock, L. (2007). Sex workers, fem queens, and cross-dressers: Differential marginalizations and HIV vulnerabilities among three ethnocultural male-to-female communities in New York City. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 4(4), 36–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isgro, K., Stehle, M., & Weber, B. (2013). From sex shacks to mega-brothels: The politics of anti-trafficking and the 2006 soccer World Cup. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 16, 171–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izugbara, C. (2011). Hata watufanyeje, kazi itaendelea: Everyday negotiations of state regulations among female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. In S. Dewey & P. Kelly (Eds.), Policing pleasure: Sex work, policy and the state in global perspective (pp. 115–129). New York: New York University Press,.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, A. (2014). For prostitutes jailed in China, forced labor with no recourse. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/world/asia/for-prostitutes-in-china-jail-with-no-recourse.html. Accessed 1 Jan. 2014.

  • Jeffreys, S. (2008). The industrial vagina: The political economy of the global sex trade. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys, S. (2010). “Brothels without walls:” The escort sector as a problem for the legalization of prostitution. Social Politics, 17(2), 210–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamise, Y. (2013). Occupational stigma and coping strategies for women engaged in the commercial sex industry: A study on the perceptions of “kyaba-cula hostesses” in Japan. Sex Roles, 69(1–2), 42–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katsulis, Y. (2010). Sex work and the city: The social geography of health and safety in Tijuana, Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, P. (2008). Lydia’s open door: Inside Mexico’s most modern brothel. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khruakham, S., & Lawton, B. (2012). Assessing the impact of the 1996 Thai prostitution law: A study of police arrest data. Asian Journal of Criminology, 7(1), 23–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koken, J. (2012). Independent female escort’s strategies for coping with sex work related stigma. Sexuality & Culture, 16(3), 209–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koken, J., Bimbi D., Parsons, J., & Halkitis, P. (2004). The experience of stigma in the lives of male internet escorts. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 16, 13–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koken, J., Bimbi, D., & Parsons, J. (2009). Male and female escorts: A comparative analysis. In R. Weitzer (Ed.), Sex for sale: Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry (2nd ed., pp. 205–232). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovner, S. (2012). Occupying power: Sex workers and servicemen in postwar Japan. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kuczynski, A. (2001). The sex-worker literati. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/style/the-sex-worker-literati.html. Accessed 15 Aug. 2014.

  • Kulick, D. (1998). Travesti: Sex, gender, and culture among Brazilian transgendered prostitutes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederer, L. (2010). Addressing demand: Why and how policymakers should utilize law and law enforcement to target customers of commercial sexual exploitation. Regent University Law Review, 23, 297–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, C. (1997). Inventing sex work. In J. Nagel (Ed.), Whores and other feminists (pp. 226–231). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, L. (2000). Gender, race, and resistance in a Brooklyn drug market. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milrod, C., & Monto, M. (2012). The hobbyist and the girlfriend experience: Behaviors and preferences of male customers of Internet sexual service providers. Deviant Behavior, 33(10), 792–810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller-Young, M. (2014). A taste for brown sugar: Black women in pornography. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M., & Neaigus, A. (2002). An economy of risk: Resource acquisition strategies of inner city women who use drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13, 409–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, G. (2010). Fare tales and fairy tails: How gay sex tourism is shaping the Brazilian dream. Wagadu: A Journal of Transnational Women’s & Gender Studies, 8, 93–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, G. (2011). Turbo consumers in paradise: Tourism, civil rights, and Brazil’s gay sex industry. American Ethnologist, 38, 666–682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki, M., Takagi, S., Kato, M., & Une, H. (2002). Prevalences of and risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among Japanese female commercial sex workers in middle- and high-class soaplands in Japan. STD & AIDS, 13(12), 833–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montemurro, B., Bloom, C., & Madell, K. (2003). Ladies night out: A typology of women patrons of a male strip club. Deviant Behavior, 24(4), 333–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monto, M. (2009). Prostitutes’ customers: Motives and misconceptions. In R. Weitzer (Ed.) Sex for sale: Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry (2nd ed., pp. 233–254) New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemoto, T., Operario, D., Takenaka, M., Iwamoto, M., & Nhung Le, M. (2003). HIV risk among Asian women working at massage parlors in San Francisco. AIDS Education & Prevention, 15, 245–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand Department of Labor. (2004). A guide to occupational health and safety in the New Zealand sex industry. Wellington, New Zealand. http://www.heart-intl.net/HEART/082504/NewZealandHealth&Safetyse.pdf. Accessed 10 Aug. 2014.

  • Norton-Hawk, M. (2004). A comparison of pimp- and non-pimp-controlled women. Violence against Women, 10, 189–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell Davidson, J. (1998). Prostitution, power, and freedom. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Police Integrity. (2008). Interacting with sex workers: A good practice guide and self-check. Melbourne: Victoria, Australia. http://www.ibac.vic.gov.au/docs/default-source/opi-prevention-and-education/interacting-with-sex-workers-a-good-practice-guide-and-self-check-november-2008.pdf?sfvrsn=2. Accessed 14 Aug. 2014.

  • Ogas, O., & Gaddam, S. (2012). A billion wicked thoughts: What the internet tells us about sexual relationships. New York: Plume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overs, C., & Longo, P. (1996). Making sex work safe: A practical guide for programme managers, policy-makers and field workers. Edinburgh: Network of Sex Work Projects.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padilla, M. (2007). Caribbean pleasure industry: Tourism, sexuality and AIDS in the Dominican Republic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Parreñas, R. (2011). Illicit flirtations: Labor, migration, and sex trafficking in Tokyo. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peiss, K. (2005). Navigating mixed theory projects: Lessons from a qualitative evaluation of Salt Lake City’s prostitution diversion project. Affilia, 20(2), 203–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettiway, L. (1996). Honey, honey, Miss Thang: Being Black, gay, and on the streets. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettiway, L. (1997). Workin’ it: Women living through drugs and crime. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price-Glynn, K. (2010). Strip club: Gender, power, and sex work. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prostitution and the internet: How new technology is shaking up the world’s oldest profession. (2014). The Economist. http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21611074-how-new-technology-shaking-up-oldest-business-more-bang-your-buck. Accessed 14 Aug. 2014.

  • Quinet, K. (2011). Prostitutes as victims of serial homicide: Trends and case characteristics, 1970–2009. Homicide Studies, 15, 74–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raphael, J. (2004). Listening to Olivia: Violence, poverty, and prostitution. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuben, J., Serio-Chapman, C., Welsh, C., Matens, R., & Sherman, S. (2011). Correlates of current transactional sex among a sample of female exotic dancers in Baltimore, MD. Journal of Urban Health, 88(2), 342–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Daza, N., Weeks, M., & Singer, M. (2005). Conceptualizing the impact of indirect violence on HIV risk among women involved in street prostitution. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 153–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salfati, G., James, A., & Ferguson, L. (2008). Prostitute homicides: A descriptive study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, 505–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez Taylor, J. (2006). Female sex tourism: A contradiction in terms? Feminist Review, 83(1), 42–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, T. (2008). Paying for pleasure: Men who buy sex. London: Willan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sausa, L., Keatley, J., & Operario, D. (2007). Perceived risks and benefits of sex work among transgender women of color in San Francisco. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 768–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, K., Bright, V., Gibson, K., & Tyndall, M. (2007). Sexual and drug-related vulnerabilities for HIV infection among women engaged in survival sex work in Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98, 465–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, K., Strathdee, S., Shoveller, J., Rusch, M., & Tyndall, M. (2009) Structural and environmental barriers to condom use negotiation with clients among female sex workers: Implications for HIV-prevention strategies and policies. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 659–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shdaimah, C., & Wiechelt, S. (2012). Converging on empathy: Perspectives on Baltimore City’s specialized prostitution diversion program. Women & Criminal Justice, 22(2), 156–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shteir, R. (2005). Striptease: The untold history of the girlie show. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skilbrei, M. (2001). The rise and fall of the Norwegian massage parlours: Changes in the Norwegian prostitution setting in the 1990s. Feminist Review, 67, 63–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soothill, K. (2004). Parlour games: The value of an Internet site providing punters’ views of massage parlors. The Police Journal, 77(1), 43–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterk, C. (1999). Fast lives: Women who use crack cocaine. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeyama, A. (2010). Intimacy for sale: Masculinity, entrepreneurship, and commodity self in Japan’s neoliberal situation. Japanese Studies, 30(2), 231–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. (2010). Gay male pornography since Stonewall. In R. Weitzer (Ed.), Sex for sale: Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry (2nd ed., pp. 67–90). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, H. (2007). Navigating risk: Lessons from the dockside sex trade for reducing violence in South Africa’s prostitution industry. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 4(4), 106–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, H. (2011). Sugar girls and seamen: A journey into the world of dockside prostitution in South Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/UNESCO. (2011). Trafficking and HIV/AIDS statistics project. Bangkok: UNESCO. http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/diversity/trafficking-hiv/ Accessed 14 Aug. 2014.

  • U.S./United States Department of State. (2006). A statement on human trafficking-related language. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State. http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/rm/78383.htm Accessed 14 Aug. 2014.

  • Uy, J., Parsons, J., Bimbi, D., Koken, J., & Halkitis, P. (2004). Gay and bisexual male escorts who advertise on the Internet: Understanding reasons for and effects of involvement in commercial sex. International Journal of Men’s Health, 3, 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Meulen, E. (2010). Illegal lives, loves, and work: How the criminalization of procuring affects sex workers in Canada. Wagadu: A Journal of Transnational Women’s & Gender Studies, 8, 217–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, G. (2012). “Treating it as a normal business:” Researching the pornography industry. Sexualities, 15(3/4), 391–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wahab, S. (2004). Tricks of the trade: What social workers can learn about female sex workers through dialogue. Qualitative Social Work, 3(2), 139–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wahab, S., & Panichelli, M. (2013). Ethical and human rights issues in coercive interventions with sex workers. Affilia: Journal of Women & Social Work, 28(4), 344–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, M., Williams, C., Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Pornography, normalization, and empowerment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1389–1401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzer, R. (2005). Flawed theory and method in studies of prostitution, violence against women, 11(7), 934–949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzer, R. (2010). The mythology of prostitution: Advocacy research and public policy. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 7, 5–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzer, R. (2012). Legalizing prostitution: From illicit vice to lawful business. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesely, J. (2003). “Where am I going to stop?” Exotic dancing, fluid body boundaries, and effects on identity. Deviant Behavior, 24, 483–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, E. (2013). Sex tourism in Bahia: Ambiguous entanglements. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, C., & Cluse-Tolar, T. (2002). Pimp-controlled prostitution: Still an integral part of street life. Violence Against Women, 8, 1074–1092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. (2010). Post-Fordist desires: The commodity aesthetics of Bangkok sex shows. Feminist Legal Studies, 18(1), 53–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, T. (2009). Red lights: The lives of sex workers in postsocialist China. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan Dewey .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dewey, S. (2015). Sex Work. In: DeLamater, J., Plante, R. (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17341-2_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics