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Entomopathogenic Nematode Production and Application: Regulation, Ecological Impact and Non–target Effects

  • Chapter
Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests

Part of the book series: Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ((SUPP))

Abstract

Production and commercialization of biocontrol agents is a growing market with over 225 microbial biopesticides manufactured in 30 countries (Kabaluk & Gazdik, 2007). Although the use of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) (BT) was the dominant product in US, Mexico and Canada, being the selected product for 75 % of the crop and forest management, in the European market decreased to 25 % in 2004, with the expansion and use of other bioagents such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Cuddeford, 2008). Despite the drop in sales of the conventional products during early years in 2000s, detecting a decline of 1.5 % per year for pesticides and even a 2.5 % for herbicides and fungicides (CropLife International, 2007; Research, 2006; Thakore, 2006), still, the overall market of conventional pesticides is above 90 % compared with biopesticides (Bailey, Boyetchko, & Längle, 2010). One of the critical point in the development of biopesticides, including EPN, is the connection between the research and commercialization. Firstly, the new bioproducts should overpass the characteristics of conventional pesticides products, or at least, provide successful benefits under particular scenarios. Second, the development implies producing the documents required for the permits, following the regulations that are still unclear. At this moment, where IPM is the most recommended practice, and by law should be implemented in some countries, such as those belonging to EU, advancing on the clarification of those regulations and the new legal framework is urgent. Significant advances have been accomplished during the past years in the regulation and implementation of the biopesticides, which regulations and law directly affecting the EPN development for enterprises and other agents. In this chapter, issues related with the development and release of new bioproducts, such as those containing EPN, are illustrated. In particular, we cover the evolution related to the pesticides in EU, the environmental impact of their production with the example of the carbon footprint assessment and the potential non–target effects of the EPN release.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank their colleagues from the Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (Spain), Organización de Productores de Plátanos COPLACA (Spain), and University of Neuchàtel (Switzerland) for their support. The authors also acknowledge A.L.C.P.B. and R.B.P. for their time while preparing this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias, Tenerife, Spain

    Ana Piedra-Buena

  2. COPLACA, Organización de Productores de Plátanos, Tenerife, Spain

    Javier López-Cepero

  3. University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Raquel Campos-Herrera

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  1. Ana Piedra-Buena
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Correspondence to Raquel Campos-Herrera .

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    Raquel Campos-Herrera

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Piedra-Buena, A., López-Cepero, J., Campos-Herrera, R. (2015). Entomopathogenic Nematode Production and Application: Regulation, Ecological Impact and Non–target Effects. In: Campos-Herrera, R. (eds) Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18266-7_10

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