Abstract
This chapter, based on a mixed method research approach, offers insights into possibilities and limitations of using ICT measures for crowd management and distribution during urban mass events (UMEs). Based on literature, practical applications and analyses of research results, we propose crowd management should consider characteristics of both crowds and UMEs to increase information effectiveness. In relation to urban planning, results show that possibilities to influence a crowd’s behavior depend on available (and known) choice sets offered in various locations, while distances towards locations across city centers appear less important. Limitations appear to be related to scarce knowledge on what drives crowd members to adapt or adhere to their activity choice behavior. Such insights are essential for smart cities striving for an optimal use of infrastructural capacity, as both the ambiguous effects of ICT measures, as well as a crowd’s self-organizing capacity should be taken into account for delaying, solving and preventing disruptions of pedestrian flows in city centers.
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Notes
- 1.
An annually organized 7-day free-access UME in Nijmegen city center, daily attracting up to 300.000 visitors to various attraction locations across the city center. Manifold information measures (both high and low-tech) are deployed to inform, advise, guide, steer and even enforce the crowd.
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Acknowledgments
This research is mainly based on research conducted as part of a master thesis at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with Royal Haskoning/DHV. We thank Jan Anne Annema, Hans Marinus and Marian Weltevreden for their valuable comments during the process. In addition we thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.
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Zomer, L.B., Daamen, W., Meijer, S., Hoogendoorn, S.P. (2015). Managing Crowds: The Possibilities and Limitations of Crowd Information During Urban Mass Events. In: Geertman, S., Ferreira, Jr., J., Goodspeed, R., Stillwell, J. (eds) Planning Support Systems and Smart Cities. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18368-8_5
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