Skip to main content

Psychopathological Disorders

  • Chapter
The Difficult Hair Loss Patient
  • 1343 Accesses

Abstract

It is a common experience among dermatologists that a significant number of their patients have psychological overlays to their chief complaints. This particularly holds true for complaints related to conditions of the hair and scalp. The exact incidence in any particular dermatologic practice most likely depends on the dermatologist’s interest; however, even for those dermatologists who are not specially interested in the psychological aspects of dermatologic disease, some patients have such overt psychopathologic conditions, such as trichotillomania, factitial dermatitis, or delusions of parasitosis, that even the least psychologically minded dermatologist feels obliged somehow to address the psychological issues. Ideally, this would be accomplished simply through referral of the patient to a mental health professional. In reality, the majority of psychodermatologic patients are reluctant to be referred to a psychiatrist. Many lack the insight regarding the psychological contribution to their dermatologic complaints; others fear the social stigmatization of coming under the care of a psychiatrist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

Psychopathological Disorders: Classification

  • Koblenzer CS (1993a) Psychiatric syndromes of interest to dermatologists. Int J Dermatol 32:82–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koblenzer CS (1993b) Pharmacology of psychotropic drugs useful in dermatologic practice. Int J Dermatol 32:162–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koo J (1995) Psychodermatology: a practical manual for clinicians. Curr Prob Dermatol VII:199–234

    Google Scholar 

Psychophysiological Disorders

  • Griesemer RD (1978) Emotionally triggered disease in a dermatology practice. Psychiat Ann 8:49–56

    Google Scholar 

Folliculitis Necrotica

  • Frank SB, Minkin W (1969) Folliculitis with scarring simulating acne varioliformis. Arch Dermatol 100(4):51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hersle K, Mobacken H, Möller A (1979) Chronic non-scarring folliculitis of the scalp. Acta Derm Venereol 59(3):249–253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kossard S, Collins A, McCrossin I (1987) Necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis: the early lesion of acne necrotica (varioliformis). J Am Acad Dermatol 16:1007–1014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maibach H (1989) Acne necroticans (varioliformis) versus Propionibacterium acnes folliculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 21:323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milde P, Goerz G, Plewig G (1993) Acne necrotica (varioliformis). Necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis. Hautarzt 44(1):34–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zirn JR, Scott RA, Hambrick GW (1996) Chronic acneiform eruption with crateriform scars. Acne necrotica (varioliformis) (necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis). Arch Dermatol 132(11):1367, 1370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Primary Psychiatric Disorders: Neurotic Excoriations of the Scalp

  • Fruensgaaard K (1986) Neurotic excoriations: a controlled psychiatric examination. Act Psychiatr Scand Suppl 69:1–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Fruensgaaard K (1991a) Psychotherapeutic strategy and neurotic excoriations. Int J Dermatol 30:198–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fruensgaaard K (1991b) Psychotherapy and neurotic excoriations. Int J Dermatol 30:262–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris BA, Sherertz EF, Flowers FP (1987) Improvement of chronic neurotic excoriations with oral doxepin therapy. Int J Dermatol 26:541–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Primary Psychiatric Disorders: Imaginary Hair Loss (Psychogenic Pseudoeffluvium)

Primary Psychiatric Disorders: Dorian Gray Syndrome

  • Brosig B, Kupfer J, Niemeier V et al (2001) The “Dorian Gray Syndrome”: psychodynamic need for hair growth restorers, and other “fountains of youth”. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 39:279–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash TF (1990) Losing hair, losing points? The effects of male pattern baldness on social impression formation. J Appl Soc Psychol 20:154–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muscarella F, Cunningham MR (1996) The evolutionary significance and social perception of male pattern baldness and facial hair. Ethol Sociobiol 17:99–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips KA (1996) The broken mirror: understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. New York, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Roll S, Verinis JS (1971) Stereotypes of scalp and facial hair as measured by the semantic differential. Psychol Rep 28:975–980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Pertschuk MJ et al (1998) The psychology of cosmetic surgery: a review and reconceptualization. Clin Psychol Rev 18:1–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwer DB, Grossbart TA, Didie ER (2003) Beauty and society. Semin Cutan Med Surg 22:79–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JK, Heinberg LJ, Altabe M et al (1990) Exacting beauty: theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance. American Psychological Association, Washington DC, pp 19–47

    Google Scholar 

Primary Psychiatric Disorders: Delusions of Parasitosis (Ekbom’s Disease)

  • Damiani JT, Flowers FP, Pierce DK (1990) Pimozide in delusions of parasitosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 22:312–313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould WM, Gragg TM (1976) Delusions of parasitosis. An approach to the problem. Arch Dermatol 112:1745–1748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyell A (1983) Delusions of parasitosis. Br J Dermatol 108:485–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marneros A, Rohde A, Deister A (1987) Most delusional parasitosis are organic mental disease. Clin Psych News 15:23

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope FM (1970) Parasitophobia as the presenting symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency. Practitioner 204:421–422

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly TM, Batchelor DH (1986) The presentation and treatment of delusional parasitosis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1:340–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Moffaert M (1991a) Localization of self-inflicted dermatological lesions: what do they tell the dermatologist. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 156:23–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Wykoff RF (1987) Delusions of parasitosis: a review. Rev Infect Dis 9:433–437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Primary Psychiatric Disorders: Trichotillomania

  • Bloch MH, Panza KE, Grant JE, Pittenger C, Leckman JF (2013) N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of pediatric trichotillomania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52:231–240

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blum NJ, Barone VJ, Friman PC (1993) A simplified behavioral treatment of trichotillomania: report of two cases. Pediatrics 91:993–995

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delsmann BM, Nikolaidis N, Schomacher PH (1993) Trichobezoar als seltene Ursache eines Dünndarmileus. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 118:1361–1364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SW (2009) N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(7):756–763

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, Kim SW (2011) Dronabinol, a cannabinoid agonist, reduces hair pulling in trichotillomania: a pilot study. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 218:493–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lochner C, Seedat S, Niehaus DJ, Stein DJ (2006) Topiramate in the treatment of trichotillomania: an open-label pilot study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 21:255–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGehee FT, Buchanan GR (1980) Trichophagia and trichobezoar: etiologic role of iron deficiency. J Pediatr 97:946–948

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meiers HG, Rechenberger HG, Rechenberger I (1973) Trichotillomanie. Untersuchungen zur Ätiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie. Hautarzt 24:248–252

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller SA (1990) Trichotillomania: a histopathologic study in sixty-six patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 23:56–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oranje AP, Peereboom-Wynia JDR, de Raeymaecker DMJ (1986) Trichotillomania in childhood. J Am Acad Dermatol 15:614–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pericin M, Kündig TM, Trüeb RM (1996) Trichotillomanie in Verbindung mit Alopecia areata. Z Hautkrankh 12:921–924

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A, Houser D (1986) Hair pulling and eating in captive rhesus monkey troops. Folia Primatol (Basel) 47:158–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikha SH, Wagner KD, Wagner RF (1993) Fluoxetine treatment of trichotillomania and depression in a prepubertal child. Cutis 51:50–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shome S, Bhatia MS, Gautam RK (1993) Culture-bound trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatr 150:674

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swed SE, Lenane MC, Leonard HL (1993) Long-term treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). N Engl J Med 329:141–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tribó MJ, Ros S, Toll A et al (2005) Trichotillomania: about five cases. 11th international congress dermatology and psychiatry abstract book. 84 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Trüeb RM (1993) Differential diagnosis in pediatric dermatology: trichotillomania/battered child syndrome. Eur J Pediatr Dermatol 3:134–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Trüeb RM, Cavegn B (1996) Trichotillomania in connection with alopecia areata. Cutis 58:67–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weller EB, Weller RA, Carr S (1989) Imipramine treatment of trichotillomania and co-existing depression in a seven-year-old. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28:952–953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Primary Psychiatric Disorders: Factitial Dermatitis of the Scalp

  • Braun-Falco O, Vogel PG (1968) Trichotemnomanie. Eine besondere Manifestation eines hirnorganischen Psychosyndroms. Hautarzt 119:551–553

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabisch W (1980) Psychiatric aspects of dermatitis artefacta. Br J Dermatol 102:29–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandy DT (1953) The concept and clinical aspects of factitious dermatitis. South Med J 46:551–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollender MH, Abram HS (1973) Dermatitis factitia. South Med J 66:1279–1285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyell A (1979) Cutaneous artifactual disease. A review amplified by personal experience. J Am Acad Dermatol 1:391–407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sneddon I, Sneddon J (1975) Self-inflicted injury: a follow-up study of 43 patients. Br Med J 2:527–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor S, Hyler SE (1993) Update on factitious disorders. Int J Psychiatry Med 23:81–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Moffaert M (1991b) Localization of self-inflicted dermatological lesions: what do they tell the dermatologist. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 156:23–27

    Google Scholar 

Chronic Cutaneous Sensory Disorders: Trichodynia

  • Arck PC, Handjiski B, Hagen E et al (2001) Indications for a ‘brain-hair follicle axis (BHA)’: inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and up-regulation of keratinocyte apoptosis in telogen hair follicles by stress and substance P. FASEB J 15:2536–2538

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burstein R, Cutrer MF, Yarnitsky D (2000) The developmental of cutaneous allodynia during a migraine attack clinical evidence for the sequential recruitment of spinal and supraspinal nociceptive neurons in migraine. Brain 123:1703–1709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chizh BA, Göhring M, Tröster A, Quartey GK, Schmelz M, Koppert W (2007) Effects of oral pregabalin and aprepitant on pain and central sensitization in the electrical hyperalgesia model in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth 98:246–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ericson M, Gabrielson A, Worel S et al (1999) Substance P (SP) in innervated and non-innervated blood vessels in the skin of patients with symptomatic scalp. Exp Dermatol 8:344–345

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gazerani P, Au S, Dong X, Kumar U, Arendt-Nielsen L, Cairns BE (2010) Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) decreases the mechanical sensitivity of nociceptors and inhibits neurogenic vasodilation in a craniofacial muscle targeted for migraine prophylaxis. Pain 151:606–616

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimalt R, Ferrando J, Grimalt F (1998) Trichodynia (letter). Dermatology 196:374

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafizi S, Chandra P, Cowen J (2007) Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists as novel antidepressants: trials and tribulations. Br J Psychiatry 191:282–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoss D, Segal S (1998) Scalp dysesthesia. Arch Dermatol 134:327–330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer MS, Cuttler N, Feighner J et al (1998) Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors. Science 281:1640–1645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lonne-Rahm SB, Fischer T, Berg M (1999) Stinging rosacea. Acta Derm Venereol 79:460–461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucioni A, Bales GT, Lotan TL, McGehee DS, Cook SP, Rapp DE (2008) Botulinum toxin type A inhibits sensory neuropeptide release in rat bladder models of acute injury and chronic inflammation. BJU Int 101:366–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa G, Anderson EM, Bokrand-Donatelli Y, Neubert JK, Caudle RM (2013) Anti-nociceptive effect of a conjugate of substance P and light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A. Pain 154(11):2547–2553, pii: S0304-3959(13)00409-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panconesi E, Hartmann G (1996) Psychophysiology of stress in dermatology. The psychologic pattern of psychosomatics. Dermatol Clin 14:399–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rebora A (1997) Telogen effluvium. Dermatology 195:209–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rebora A, Semino MT, Guarrera M (1996) Trichodynia (letter). Dermatology 192:292–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rebora A, Semino MT, Guarrera M (1998) Reply to Trüeb RM. Telogen effluvium and trichodynia (letter). Dermatology 196:374–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollman GB, Lautenbacher S, Jones KS (2000) Sex and gender differences in responses to experimentally induced pain in humans. Sex, gender, and pain. In: Fillingim RB (ed) Progress in pain research and management, vol 17. IASP Press, Seattle

    Google Scholar 

  • Trüeb RM (1997) Trichodynie. Hautarzt 48:877–880

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trüeb RM (1998) Telogen effluvium and trichodynia (letter). Dermatology 196:374–375

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willimann B, Trüeb RM (2002) Hair pain (trichodynia): frequency and relationship to hair loss and patient gender. Dermatology 205:374–377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chronic Cutaneous Sensory Disorders: Trichoteiromania

Adjustment Disorders

  • Cash TF (1992) The psychological effects of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol 26:926–931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash TF (1999) The psychosocial consequences of androgenetic alopecia: a review of the research literature. Br J Dermatol 141:398–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cash TF, Price VH, Savin RC (1993) Psychological effects of androgenetic alopecia on women: comparisons with balding men and with female control subjects. J Am Acad Dermatol 29:568–575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Personality Disorders

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, pp 646–649. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8

    Google Scholar 

  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder

  • Maffei C, Fossati A, Rinaldi F, Riva E (1994) Personality disorders and psychopathologic symptoms in patients with androgenetic alopecia. Arch Dermatol 130(7):868–872

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millon T, Davis RD (1996) Disorders of personality: DSM-IV and beyond. Wiley, New York, p 226. ISBN 0-471-01186-X

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Trüeb, R.M. (2015). Psychopathological Disorders. In: The Difficult Hair Loss Patient. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19701-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19701-2_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19700-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19701-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics