Abstract
Given time series data \(Y _{1},\ldots,Y _{n}\), the problem of optimal prediction of Y n+1 has been well-studied. The same is not true, however, as regards the problem of constructing a prediction interval with prespecified coverage probability for Y n+1, i.e., turning the point predictor into an interval predictor. In Pan and Politis (J Stat Plann Inference, 2015, to appear), the case where the time series {Y t } obeys an autoregressive model was addressed in detail with the autoregression allowed to be linear, nonlinear or nonparametric. In the paper at hand, we expand the scope by assuming only that {Y t } is a Markov process of order pāā„ā1 without insisting that any specific autoregressive equation is satisfied. Several different approaches and methods are considered, namely both Forward and Backward approaches to prediction intervals as combined with three resampling methods: the bootstrap based on estimated transition densities, the Local Bootstrap for Markov processes, and the novel Model-Free bootstrap. In simulations, prediction intervals obtained from different methods are compared in terms of their coverage level and length of interval.
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Notes
- 1.
The distribution of random vector X p was denoted F in order to be distinguished from the limiting distribution F of the i.i.d.Ā variables \(\epsilon _{1}^{(m)},\ldots,\epsilon _{m}^{(m)}\) in the Model-Free Prediction Principle.
- 2.
If the choice of bandwidth g is not over-smoothed, e.g., if gā=āh, then the resulting prediction intervals exhibit profound under-coverage; see Pan and PolitisĀ (2015) for discussion.
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Acknowledgements
ChapterĀ 8 is based on the working paper: L. Pan and D.N. Politis, āBootstrap prediction intervals for Markov processes,ā Dept.Ā of Economics, UCSD, retrievable from:
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7555757g; the paper has been accepted to appear in the CSDA Annals of Computational and Financial Econometrics in 2015. Many thanks are due to CSDA Editor, E.J. Kontoghiorghes, and to Li Pan for compiling the software and running extensive simulations for the paper and the chapter. Additional simulations on the performance of Model-free confidence intervals can be found in: L. Pan and D.N. Politis, āModel-Free Bootstrap for Markov processes,ā in Proceedings of the 60th World Statistics CongressāISI2015, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 26ā31, 2015.
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Politis, D.N. (2015). Model-Free Inference for Markov Processes. In: Model-Free Prediction and Regression. Frontiers in Probability and the Statistical Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21347-7_8
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