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Fetal Imaging and Effects of Exposures on Growth and Function

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Translational Toxicology

Part of the book series: Molecular and Integrative Toxicology ((MOLECUL))

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Abstract

Fetal growth and function are regulated and influenced by a multitude of complex factors including genetic profile of the embryo, maternal predispositions, placental state, fetal and maternal hormonal environment, and adequate nutrient and oxygen supply to the developing fetus. Every abnormal change that occurs during this sensitive developmental period programs health condition of the individual in postnatal life – the phenomenon known as “fetal programming.” One of the most prevalent disorders affecting fetal development rate in almost 10 % of all pregnancies is fetal growth restriction (FGR) – a very complex and multifactorial disorder that often results in multiple adverse perinatal and postnatal complications including death. A growing number of studies over the last few decades confirms that the complex interaction between genetic constitution, prenatal and early postnatal environment determines the growth and development of the fetus and defines the susceptibility to certain disorders in adult life, like cardiovascular disease, neurobehavioral and metabolic disorders. Considering the high prevalence of FGR and the progressing availability of intervention strategies, it is of the highest clinical relevance to detect potential health risks as early as possible, to introduce timely preventive interventions and to adapt the life style in order to improve the long-term outcome of FGR cases.

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Abbreviations

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

11βHSD2:

11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-2

ANP:

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

BNP:

B-type Natriuretic Peptide

DV:

Ductus Venosus

ECG:

Electrocardiography

EFW:

Estimated Fetal Weight

ELBW:

Extremely Low Birth Weight

FGR:

Fetal Growth Restriction

HPA:

Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis

IRT:

Isovolumetric Relaxation Time

IUGR:

Intrauterine Growth Restriction

LGA:

Large for Gestational Age

MPI:

Myocardial Performance Index

SGA:

Small for Gestational Age

STIC:

4D Spatiotemporal Image Correlation

TDI:

Tissue Doppler Imaging

TTTS:

Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

VLBW:

Very Low Birth Weight

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BCNatal | Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Elena Demicheva PhD & Fatima Crispi MD, PhD

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  1. Elena Demicheva PhD
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  2. Fatima Crispi MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Fatima Crispi MD, PhD .

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  1. Therapeutic Science & Strategy Unit, Quintiles Inc., MORRISVILLE, North Carolina, USA

    Claude L. Hughes

  2. Michael Waters Consulting, Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA

    Michael D. Waters

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Demicheva, E., Crispi, F. (2016). Fetal Imaging and Effects of Exposures on Growth and Function. In: Hughes, C., Waters, M. (eds) Translational Toxicology. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27449-2_6

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