Skip to main content

Design Optimization of Silicon-on-Insulator Slot-Waveguides for Electro-optical Modulators and Biosensors

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Photoptics 2015

Part of the book series: Springer Proceedings in Physics ((SPPHY,volume 181))

Abstract

An approach for design optimization of the geometrical parameters of silicon-on-insulator slot-waveguides for electro-optical modulators and biosensors is presented. Theoretical investigations of field confinement factors and effective nonlinear areas for different slot-waveguide structures are critically analyzed and thoroughly calculated. With our simulation results we explain the high efficiency of electro-optical modulators and the enhanced sensitivity of biosensors compared to strip-waveguides. The influence on the effective refractive index, field confinement factor, and effective nonlinear area of the slot width and the silicon rail width were investigated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Almeida, V.R., Xu, Q., Barrios, C.A., Lipson, M.: Guiding and confining light in void nanostructure. Opt. Lett. 29, 1209–1211 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Leuthold, J., Koos, C., Freude, W., Alloatti, L., Palmer, R., Korn, D., Pfeifle, J., Lauermann, M., Dinu, R., Wehrli, S., Jazbinsek, M., Gunter, P., Waldow, M., Wahlbrink, T., Bolten, J., Kurz, H., Fournier, M., Fedeli, J.M., Yu, H., Bogaerts, W.: Silicon-organic hybrid electro-optical devices. Sel. Topics Quant. Electron., IEEE J. 19, 114–126 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Baehr-Jones, T., Hochberg, M., Wang, G., Lawson, R., Liao, Y., Sullivan, P., Dalton, L., Jen, A., Scherer, A.: Optical modulation and detection in slotted silicon waveguides. Opt. Expr. 13, 5216–5226 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Alloatti, L., Palmer, R., Diebold, S., Pahl, K.P., Chen, B., Dinu, R., Fournier, M., Fedeli, J.M., Zwick, T., Freude, W., et al.: 100 GHz silicon–organic hybrid modulator. Light: Sci. & Appl. 3(2014), e173

    Google Scholar 

  5. Weimann, C., Schindler, P.C., Palmer, R., Wolf, S., Bekele, D., Korn, D., Pfeifle, J., Koeber, S., Schmogrow, R., Alloatti, L., Elder, D., Yu, H., Bogaerts, W., Dalton, L.R., Freude, W., Leuthold, J., Koos, C.: Silicon-organic hybrid (soh) frequency comb sources for terabit/s data transmission. Opt. Expr. 22, 3629–3637 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gould, M., Baehr-Jones, T., Ding, R., Huang, S., Luo, J., Jen, A.K.Y., Fedeli, J.M., Fournier, M., Hochberg, M.: Silicon-polymer hybrid slot waveguide ring-resonator modulator. Opt. Expr. 19, 3952–3961 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Korn, D., Palmer, R., Yu, H., Schindler, P.C., Alloatti, L., Baier, M., Schmogrow, R., Bogaerts, W., Selvaraja, S.K., Lepage, G., Pantouvaki, M., Wouters, J.M., Verheyen, P., Campenhout, J.V., Chen, B., Baets, R., Absil, P., Dinu, R., Koos, C., Freude, W., Leuthold, J.: Silicon-organic hybrid (soh) iq modulator using the linear electro-optic effect for transmitting 16qam at 112 Gbit/s. Opt. Express 21, 13219–13227 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dell’Olio, F., Passaro, V.M.: Optical sensing by optimized silicon slot waveguides. Opt. Expr. 15, 4977–4993 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Barrios, C.A., Gylfason, K.B., Sánchez, B., Griol, A., Sohlström, H., Holgado, M., Casquel, R.: Slot-waveguide biochemical sensor. Opt. Lett. 32, 3080–3082 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Claes, T., Molera, J., De Vos, K., Schachtb, E., Baets, R., Bienstman, P.: Label-free biosensing with a slot-waveguide-based ring resonator in silicon on insulator. Photon. J., IEEE 1, 197–204 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Steglich, P., Villringer, C., Dümecke, S., Michel, Y.P., Casalboni, M., Schrader, S.: Silicon-on-insulator slot-waveguide design trade-offs. In: Ribeiro, P.A., Raposo, M. (eds.) PHOTOPTICS 2015, Vol. 2., SCITEPRESS pp. 47–52 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Vivien, L., Pavesi, L. (eds.) Handbook of silicon photonics. 0 edn. CRC Press, USA (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Baehr-Jones, T., Hochberg, M., Walker, C., Scherer, A.: High-q optical resonators in silicon-on-insulator-based slot waveguides. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 081101 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Palmer, R., Alloatti, L., Korn, D., Schindler, P., Baier, M., Bolten, J., Wahlbrink, T., Waldow, M., Dinu, R., Freude, W., Koos, C., Leuthold, J.: Low power mach-zehnder modulator in silicon-organic hybrid technology. Photon. Technol. Lett., IEEE 25, 1226–1229 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Leuthold, J., Koos, C., Freude, W., Alloatti, L., Palmer, R., Korn, D., Pfeifle, J., Lauermann, M., Dinu, R., Wehrli, S., et al.: Silicon-organic hybrid electro-optical devices. Select. Topics Quant. Electron., IEEE J. 19, 3401413 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Palmer, R., Koeber, S., Woessner, M., Elder, D.L., Heni, W., Korn, D., Yu, H., Lauermann, M., Bogaerts, W., Dalton, L.R., Freude, W., Leuthold, J., Koos, C.: High-speed silicon-organic hybrid (soh) modulators with 230 pm/v electro-optic coefficient using advanced materials. In: Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Optical Society of America, USA (2014) M3G.4

    Google Scholar 

  17. Korn, D., Jazbinsek, M., Palmer, R., Baier, M., Alloatti, L., Yu, H., Bogaerts, W., Lepage, G., Verheyen, P., Absil, P., Guenter, P., Koos, C., Freude, W., Leuthold, J.: Electro-optic organic crystal silicon high-speed modulator. Photon. J., IEEE 6, 1–9 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Palmer, R., Alloatti, L., Korn, D., Schindler, P., Schmogrow, R., Heni, W., Koenig, S., Bolten, J., Wahlbrink, T., Waldow, M., Yu, H., Bogaerts, W., Verheyen, P., Lepage, G., Pantouvaki, M., Van Campenhout, J., Absil, P., Dinu, R., Freude, W., Koos, C., Leuthold, J.: Silicon-organic hybrid mzi modulator generating ook, bpsk and 8-ask signals for up to 84 Gbit/s. Photon. J., IEEE 5, 6600907 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu, Y., Baehr-Jones, T., Li, J., Pomerene, A., Hochberg, M.: Efficient strip to strip-loaded slot mode converter in silicon-on-insulator. Photon. Technol. Lett., IEEE 23, 1496–1498 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Palmer, R., Alloatti, L., Korn, D., Heni, W., Schindler, P., Bolten, J., Karl, M., Waldow, M., Wahlbrink, T., Freude, W., Koos, C., Leuthold, J.: Low-loss silicon strip-to-slot mode converters. Photon. J., IEEE 5, 2200409 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ding, R., Baehr-Jones, T., Kim, W.J., Xiong, X., Bojko, R., Fedeli, J.M., Fournier, M., Hochberg, M.: Low-loss strip-loaded slot waveguides in silicon-on-insulator. Opt. Expr. 18, 25061–25067 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Alasaarela, T., Korn, D., Alloatti, L., Säynätjoki, A., Tervonen, A., Palmer, R., Leuthold, J., Freude, W., Honkanen, S.: Reduced propagation loss in silicon strip and slot waveguides coated by atomic layer deposition. Opt. Expr. 19, 11529–11538 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Steglich, P., Mai, C., Stolarek, D., Lischke, S., Kupijai, S., Villringer, C., Pulwer, S., Heinrich, F., Bauer, J., Meister, S., Knoll, D., Casalboni, M., Schrader, S.: Novel ring resonator concept combining strong field confinement with high optical quality factor. Photon. Technol. Lett., IEEE 27(16), 1737–1740 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Robinson, J.T., Preston, K., Painter, O., Lipson, M.: First-principle derivation of gain in high-index-contrast waveguides. Opt. Expr. 16, 16659–16669 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Feng, N.N., Michel, J., Kimerling, L.: Optical field concentration in low-index waveguides. Quant. Electron., IEEE J. 42, 885–890 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Palik, E.D.: Handbook of optical constants of solids. 1 edn. Academic Press, USA (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Tsang, H., Wong, C., Liang, T., Day, I., Roberts, S., Harpin, A., Drake, J., Asghari, M.: Optical dispersion, two-photon absorption and self-phase modulation in silicon waveguides at 1.5 μm wavelength. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 416–418 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chuang, S.L.: Physics of photonic devices. 2 edn. Wiley, New York (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Robinson, J.T., Chen, L., Lipson, M.: On-chip gas detection in silicon optical microcavities. Opt. Expr. 16, 4296–4301 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Koos, C., Jacome, L., Poulton, C., Leuthold, J., Freude, W.: Nonlinear silicon-on-insulator waveguides for all-optical signal processing. Opt. Expr. 15, 5976–5990 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Agrawal, G.: Nonlinear fiber optics. 5 edn. Academic Press, USA (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Steglich, P., Villringer, C., Dümecke, S., Michel, Y.P., Casalboni, M., Schrader, S.: Design optimization of slot-waveguides covered with organic cladding materials for integrated photonic devices. In Middendorf, S., Hüttinger, G. (eds.) NWK 16, BERLINER WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GmbH, 192–198 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Muellner, P., Wellenzohn, M., Hainberger, R.: Nonlinearity of optimized silicon photonic slot waveguides. Opt. Expr. 17, 9282–9287 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) for the financial support under contract no. 03FH086PX2, the University of Applied Sciences Wildau (THWi), Germany, and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Culture of the federal state Brandenburg, Germany, for financial support. The authors would also like to thank P. Prosposito, F. De Matteis, and R. De Angelis from the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy, S. Meister, S. Kupijai, and A. Al-Saadi from the Technical University Berlin, Germany, and L. Zimmermann, D. Knoll, D. Stolarek, J. Katzer, S. Lischke, H. Silz, B. Tillack, and W. Mehr from the Institute of High-Performance Microelectronics (IHP), Germany, for their encouragement and support in the framework of the Joint-Lab IHP-THWi.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patrick Steglich .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Steglich, P., Villringer, C., Pulwer, S., Casalboni, M., Schrader, S. (2016). Design Optimization of Silicon-on-Insulator Slot-Waveguides for Electro-optical Modulators and Biosensors. In: Ribeiro, P., Raposo, M. (eds) Photoptics 2015. Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol 181. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30137-2_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics