Abstract
How architects have come to be largely absent in disaster recovery activities compared to some of the other sectors in the medical, the legal, and even the engineering fields can, in part, be explained by how architects have responded to industrialization, which transformed how cities developed.
Design is an activity, which aims at the production of a plan, which plan—if implemented—is intended to bring about a situation with specific desired characteristics without creating unforeseen and undesired side and after effects.
—Horst Rittel, 1968
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Notes
- 1.
The ladder of participation is categorized under eight successive rungs according to the levels of participation, determined by extent to which the participating citizen has influenced the outcome. The eight rungs of the ladder are clustered into three tiers of power, namely: citizen power, tokenism, and non-participation.
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Lee, A.J. (2016). Systems Thinking. In: Resilience by Design. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30641-4_2
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