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Ecology and Epidemiology

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Rhizomania

Abstract

There are many factors affecting the development and spread of rhizomania, caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) that is transmitted by zoospores of the vector Polymyxa betae. Virus-carrying resting spores of P. betae retain infectivity for long periods in soil. The amount of virus-carrying P. betae (inoculum potential) in soil can be assessed by means of a bioassay using bait plants. The dynamics of disease development were demonstrated by introducing different initial inoculum levels into a noninfested field, and this showed that rapid increases of inoculum potential occurred under sugar beet cultivation during the first and following years. It also highlighted the danger of introducing even small amounts of contaminated soil. Both P. betae and BNYVV have limited natural host ranges, and common arable weeds may play only a minor role as natural field reservoirs of the virus. Resting spores of P. betae within soil particles are dispersed in several ways, such as by wind, water (e.g., flooding, irrigation), manure, animals, transport vehicles, farm machinery, and plant materials. BNYVV is not transmitted within seed or pollen, but its spread can result from soil-contaminated seeds. The germination of resting spores, the release of motile zoospores, and the production and release of secondary zoospores are all influenced by soil type, soil moisture, and temperature. In particular, zoospores of P. betae infect most rapidly and actively at relatively high temperature and moisture conditions in neutral or alkaline soils. Therefore, temperature in the spring and early summer has an important influence on disease severity. Temporal and spatial models to predict the rate of development and spread of rhizomania have been developed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Research Institute, Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Naganuma, 069-1316, Hokkaido, Japan

    Tetsuo Tamada

  2. Formerly: Broom’s Barn Research Station, Higham, Bury St Edmunds, UK

    Michael J. C. Asher

Authors
  1. Tetsuo Tamada
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  2. Michael J. C. Asher
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Correspondence to Tetsuo Tamada .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Stazione Sperimentale di Bieticoltura, Rovigo, Italy

    Enrico Biancardi

  2. Agricultural Research Institute, Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Naganuma, Hokkaido, Japan

    Tetsuo Tamada

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Tamada, T., Asher, M.J.C. (2016). Ecology and Epidemiology. In: Biancardi, E., Tamada, T. (eds) Rhizomania. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30678-0_7

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