Abstract
Since the most ancient times astronomers felt the need to collect and list in atlases and catalogs all the visible objects in the sky. The first stellar catalog known in the western world being the one of Hipparchus (second century BC). We have to wait until Charles Messier at the end of the eighteenth century to have the first incidental catalog of nebulae, i.e. including a mixture of fuzzy objects, nebulæ, that telescopes of the epoch could detect. In Chap. 1 we have already discussed the atlases and catalogs that soon after the discovery of galaxies appeared in the literature describing the properties of the nearby galaxies, in particular their morphologies in Chap. 3 . The subject of extragalactic papers, during the photographic plate era, was one or few galaxies, whose properties were carefully scrutinized looking at all the details resolved by telescopes in the optical waveband. This happens also today, of course, basically at all wavelengths. However, the impact of new technologies permits in the last two decades to tackle survey programs addressed to the study of specific extragalactic problems considering millions of galaxies.
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Notes
- 1.
Emission line of the neutral Hydrogen, on the rest wavelength \(\lambda _{o} = 21\,\mathrm{cm}\)
- 2.
A. de Vaucouleurs, H. Corwin , R. Buta , S. Odewhan , P. Fouqué and many others (see the printed version of RC3).
- 3.
NED is a wonderful name. You probably know that in “20,000 lieues sous les mers”, the famous novel by Jules Verne, Ned is the name of the assistant of an outstanding scientist, exactly what a database should be.
- 4.
HYPERLEDA: http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/hyperleda/.
- 5.
In this case the distance modulus is 24. 77, the apparent corrected magnitude is btc = 5. 77 and the log(vrot) = log(100. 3).
- 6.
- 7.
The pool had been built by (wise) decision of a former AO site director, John Findlay , the designer of the 300 ft telescope at Green Bank . That pool and the 1 km long track around the edge of the primary reflector of the telescope were—and remain—the two sporting facilities on the site. My proudest sport achievement, ever, remains that of running the 1 km track in 3 min plus 1 s, with one important regret: that of never being able of breaking the 3 min wall.
- 8.
I spent 13 professionally glorious years working at AO, living in a wooden house Martha and I had built in 1979, atop a hill overlooking the telescope, barely a mile away from the AO site. We designed and built the house by ourselves, working at it evenings and weekends, with occasional, honorary participation by a number of colleagues as inept, but just as optimistic as we were. Not a nail was hammered by a professional. The house still stands, still in use, after 35 hurricane seasons.
- 9.
Much progress with observations tended to be made during each year’s end holiday period, taking advantage of the fact that most astronomers preferred to spend time with their families than with the telescope, on that period. Moreover, on some days like Christmas and New Year all telescope operators were given the day off, and only a few staff members were allowed to run the telescope in “solo” mode. It then became a tradition for us to request that time each year, and spend it with the galaxies. Actually, there was another form of sharing. For several years, at midnight on December 31st I would connect the output of the music player in the telescope control room to the PA system up on the telescope platform, at full volume: for a few minutes, Pavarotti would be broadcast up to many miles away from AO, welcoming the new year with Puccini’s Nessun Dorma from Turandot.
- 10.
Joint Ultraviolet Nightsky Observatory, a bilateral collaboration between USA’s NASA and Italy’s ASI (C. Martin and L. Bianchi PIs for the two agencies), was ranked first among NASA’s selected SMEX missions and by ASI, then cancelled, then turned into GALEX.
- 11.
GALEX data and pipeline products are accessible at http://galex.stsci.edu; more science-ready catalogs and tools can be found at http://dolomiti.pha.jhu.edu/uvsky, including information on sky coverage, science products, UV source classification, coefficients for extinction correction and magnitude transformation (Bianchi 2009, 2011, 2014; Bianchi et al. 2007, 2011a).
- 12.
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Rampazzo, R. et al. (2016). The Impact of Surveys. In: D'Onofrio, M., Rampazzo, R., Zaggia, S. (eds) From the Realm of the Nebulae to Populations of Galaxies. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 435. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31006-0_5
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