Abstract
In India, dairy sector plays vital role in the national economy and in the socio-economic development of the country by providing gainful employment and income generating avenues for small, marginal farmers and landless labourers. Apart from the existing challenges like increased occurrence of emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, vulnerability to exotic diseases, perennial shortage of feed and fodder resources and an urgent need to increase production as well as productivity to meet ever increasing demand for animal products, etc. now livestock sector is confronting a very serious challenge of ‘climate change’. Changes in climate which encompasses decrease in minimum temperature, increase in maximum temperature, erratic rainfall, higher incidence of extreme weather events, etc. may negatively affect water availability, pasture and fodder crop quality and quantity, animal immune response, epidemiological pattern of vector-borne diseases, productive and reproductive efficiency, which in long term would affect the livelihood and food security of millions of farmers’ dependent of livestock. Adaptation strategies like selection of animals for thermal tolerance, alteration in herd composition, microclimate modification, access to cool clean drinking water, changing feeding frequency and time of feeding and changing ingredients, e.g. addition of dietary fat to increase energy density, etc. could be adopted to maintain dry matter intake during stressful environmental conditions. The important strategies for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy animals include diet manipulation, direct inhibitors, feed additives, propionate enhancers, methane oxidisers, probiotics, defaunation, hormones, vaccination for reduced activity of rumen protozoa, etc. Improving waste management by adopting waste-to-energy concepts like biogas production, electricity generation, etc. would reduce GHGs such as CH4, N2O significantly. The existing adaptation and mitigation strategies have the potential to significantly reduce the likely impact of climate change on dairy production system. Therefore, it is high time that concerted efforts are made to enhance the resilience of the farms and animals through dissemination of adaptation and mitigation strategies in a sustained manner so that, the production and productivity levels of dairy animals are not only maintained but also improved even in challenging environmental conditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Al-Katanani, Y. M., Webb, D. W., & Hansen, P. J. (1999). Factors affecting seasonal variation in 90-d nonreturn rate to first service in lactating Holstein cows in a hot climate. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2611–2616.
Batima, P. (2007). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the livestock sector of Mongolia. Assessments of impacts and adaptations to climate change, International START Secretariat. Washington DC, US.
Berman, A. (2005). Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 1377–1384.
Berman, A., Folman, Y., Kaim, M., Marnen, M., Herz, Z., Wolfensen, D., et al. (1985). Upper critical temperature and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding dairy cows in a subtropical climate. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 1488–1495.
De Rensis, F., & Scaramuzzi, R. J. (2003). Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow—a review. Theriogenology, 60, 1139–1151.
De, D., & Singh, G. P. (2001). Monensin enriches UMMP supplementation on in vitro methane production in crossbred calves. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Animal Nutritional Conference (Abstract papers), (p. 161). Animal Nutrition Society of India, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, India.
Dutt, T., Taneja, V. K., Singh, Avtar, & Singh, A. (1992). Comfort zone for maximal milk production in crossbred cattle. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 45(3), 119–122.
Hahn, G. L. (1981). Housing and management to reduce climatic impacts on livestock. Journal of Animal Science, 52, 175–186.
Hahn, G. L. (1999). Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science, 77(Suppl.2), 10–12.
IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) (2009). Livestock and climate change. Available in: https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/48b0cd7b-f70d-4f55-b0c0-5a19fa3e5f38.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), (2007). Climate Change: Synthesis Report; Summary for Policymakers. Available in:http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf.
Johnson, H. D. (1965). Environmental temperature and lactation (with special reference to cattle). International Journal of Biometerology, 9, 103–116.
Johnson, H.D. (1980). Depressed chemical thermogenesis and hormonal function in heat. In M.K. Yousef (Ed.) Environmental Physiology: Ageing, Heat and Altitude (pp. 3–9). New York, USA: Elsevier North Holland, Inc.
Johnson, N. N., McGowan, M. R., McGuigan, K., Davison, T. M., Hussain, A. M., Juniewicz, P. E., Johnson, B. H., & Bolt, D. J. (1987). Effect of adrenal steroids on testosterone and luteinizing hormone secretion in the ram. Journal of Andrology, 8, 190–196.
Klinedinst, P. L., Wilhite, D. A., Hahn, G. L., & Hubbard, K. G. (1993). The potential effects of climate change on summer season dairy cattle milk production and reproduction. Climate Change, 23, 21–36.
Malik, P. K., & Singhal, K. K. (2008). Influence of lucerne fodder supplementation on enteric methane emission in crossbred calves. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 78, 293–297.
Malik, P. K., Bhatta, R., & Prasad, C. S. (2013). Nutritional and biological interventions for enteric methane mitigation. In M.A. Kataktalware, et al. (Eds.), Management strategies for sustainable livestock production against impending climate changes (pp. 54–60). Model Training Course, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-NDRI, Bengaluru, India.
Mathevon, M., Buhr, M. M., & Dekkers, J. C. M. (1998). Environmental, management and genetic factors affecting semen production in Holstein bulls. Journal of Dairy Science, 81, 3321–3330.
McDowell, R. E. (1972). Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates. Freeman, California, USA: San Francisco Press.
Moss, A. R. (1994). Methane production by ruminants – literature review of I. Dietarymanipulation to reduce methane production and II. Laboratory procedures for estimatingmethane potential of diets. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews Series B, 64, 786–806.
Nichi, M., Bols, P. E., Zuge, R. M., Barnabe, V. H., Goovaerts, I. G., Barnabe, R. C., & Cortada, C. N., (2006). Seasonal variation in semen quality in Bos indicus and Bos taurus bulls raised under tropical conditions. Theriogenology, 66, 822–882.
Nienaber, J. A., & Hahn, G. L. (2007). Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenges. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 140–157.
Ronchi, B., Stradaioli, G., Verini Supplizi, A., Bernabucci, U., Lacetera, N., Accorsi, P. A., Nardone, A., & Seren, E. (2001). Influence of heat stress and feed restriction on plasma progesterone, estradiol-17β LH, FSH, prolactin and cortisol in Holstein heifers. Livestock Production Science, 68, 231–241.
Roy, K. S., & Prakash, B. S. (2007). Seasonal variation and circadian rhythmicity of the prolactin profile during the summer months in repeat-breeding Murrah buffalo heifers. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 19, 569–575.
Sirohi, S., & Sirohi, S. K. (2010). Vulnerability of milk producers to climate change: Technological and policy options for livelihood security. In: R.C. Upadhyay, et al. (Eds.), Climate Change & Livestock Productivity in India (pp. 143–152). National Symposium ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, India.
Srivastava, A. K., & Garg, M. R. (2002). Use of sulfur hexafluroide tracer technique for measurement of methane emission from ruminants. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 55, 36–39.
The Hindu. (2013). Despite the hiatus, global warming is unequivocal. Available in: http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/despite-the-hiatus-global-warming-is-unequivocal/article5175117.ece.
Thomas, C. K., & Sastry, N. S. R. (1991). Dairy bovine production. New Delhi: Kalyani Publication.
Upadhyay, R. C. (2014). Physiological determinants of climate resilient animal production and future global challenges. In: P.S. Yadav, et al. (Eds.), Physiological determinants of climate resilient and sustainable animal production (pp. 31–39). National Symposium ICAR-CIRB, Hisar.
Varma, G. G. (2013). An introduction to livestock meteorology and events regulating climate change. In: M.A. Kataktalware, et al. (Eds.), Management strategies for sustainable livestock production against impending climate changes (pp. 1–7). Model Training Course, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-NDRI, Bengaluru, India.
Yousef, M. K. (1984). Stress physiology: Definition and terminology. In: Yousef, M.K. (Ed.) Stress Physiology in Livestock (pp. 3–7). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kataktalware, M.A., Nazar, S., Letha Devi, G., Ramesha, K.P. (2016). Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Sustainable Dairy Production Under Changing Climate Scenario. In: Nautiyal, S., Schaldach, R., Raju, K., Kaechele, H., Pritchard, B., Rao, K. (eds) Climate Change Challenge (3C) and Social-Economic-Ecological Interface-Building. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31014-5_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31014-5_31
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31013-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31014-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)