Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of Vitamin D Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease

  • 948 Accesses

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is common in both the general population and CKD patients. Currently defined as a circulating 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), it is a major risk factor for bone and mineral disorders and has been related to increased risk of non-skeletal health outcomes including mortality, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. A greater prevalence of this deficiency is expected in patients with CKD because they are older and more likely to have dark skin, obesity, and associated comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension. In studies of clinical populations, the mean circulating 25(OH)D levels ranged from 18 to 29 ng/mL for patients with non-end-stage CKD and from 12 to 32 ng/mL for those on dialysis. Large population-based and clinical studies, however, describe inconsistent findings about the association between kidney function and vitamin D level. While some studies report significant, positive, and independents associations between glomerular filtration rate and circulating 25(OH)D values, others show low levels only in advanced CKD stages. Still others show no or even an inverse association, with paradoxically higher levels of 25(OH)D in individuals with moderate CKD than in those without CKD. Similarly, it remains unclear whether these discordant relations are direct and causal, or indirect because of confounders. Only a few studies have examined the relations between proteinuria or albuminuria and circulating 25(OH)D levels; they generally report significant negative associations. Potential mechanisms supporting a causal relation between kidney function and damage and vitamin D are discussed at the end of this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Holick MF. Vitamin D, deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(11):1807–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hilger J, Friedel A, Herr R, Rausch T, Roos F, Wahl DA, et al. A systematic review of vitamin D status in populations worldwide. Br J Nutr. 2014;111:23–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):53–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wagner CL, Greer FR. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):1142–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, Boonen S, Burckhardt P, Fuleihan GE, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1151–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Theodoratou E, Tzoulaki I, Zgaga L, Ioannidis JP. Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. BMJ (Clin Res ed). 2014;1:348–2035.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:007470.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Meyer HE, Holvik K, Lips P. Should vitamin D supplements be recommended to prevent chronic diseases? BMJ (Clin Res ed). 2015;350:h321.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Guessous I. Role of Vitamin D deficiency in extraskeletal complications: predictor of health outcome or marker of health status? BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:563403.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mehrotra R, Kermah D, Budoff M, Salusky IB, Mao SS, Gao YL, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(4):1144–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Kandula P, Dobre M, Schold JD, Schreiber Jr MJ, Mehrotra R, Navaneethan SD. Vitamin D supplementation in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(1):50–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Craig JC, Elder G, Macaskill P, Strippoli GF. Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. The Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD008175.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Craig JC, Elder G, Macaskill P, Strippoli GF. Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD005633.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Miskulin DC, Majchrzak K, Tighiouart H, Muther RS, Kapoian T, Johnson DS, et al. Ergocalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;27(6):1801–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Patel NM, Gutiérrez OM, Andress DL, Coyne DW, Levin A, Wolf M. Vitamin D deficiency and anemia in early chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2010;77:715–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chonchol M, Scragg R. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, insulin resistance, and kidney function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Kidney Int. 2007;71(2):134–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Patel NM, Andress DL, Wolf M, Levin A. Vitamin D deficiency, inflammation, and albuminuria in chronic kidney disease: complex interactions. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(4):295–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, Ankers E, Monroy M, Tamez H, et al. Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2007;72(8):1004–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Drechsler C, Verduijn M, Pilz S, Dekker FW, Krediet RT, Ritz E, et al. Vitamin D status and clinical outcomes in incident dialysis patients: results from the NECOSAD study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(3):1024–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pilz S, Iodice S, Zittermann A, Grant WB, Gandini S. Vitamin D status and mortality risk in CKD: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2011;58:374–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. de Boer IH, Katz R, Chonchol M, Ix JH, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and change in estimated glomerular filtration rate. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN. 2011;6:2141–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Seaghdha CM, Hwang SJ, Holden R, Booth SL, Fox CS. Phylloquinone and vitamin D status: associations with incident chronic kidney disease in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Am J Nephrol. 2012;36(1):68–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Damasiewicz MJ, Magliano DJ, Daly RM, Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Sikaris KA, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and the 5-year incidence of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62(1):58–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hamano T, Nakano C, Obi Y, Fujii N, Matsui I, Tomida K, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate decline. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(5):469–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Institute of Medicine. Dietery reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD, Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, Whiting SJ, Leslie WD. Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada (summary). CMAJ Can Med Assoc J J de l’Assoc Med Can. 2010;182(12):1315–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shao A, Dawson-Hughes B, Hathcock J, Giovannucci E, Willett WC. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(7):1121–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gallagher JC, Sai AJ. Vitamin D insufficiency, deficiency, and bone health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:2630–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. World Health Organization FAOotUN. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. Hong Kong, China: World Health Organization; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Maxmen A. Nutrition advice: the vitamin D-lemma. Nat News. 2011;475(7354):23–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Inter Supp. 2013;3(1):1–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD). Kidney Int. 2009;76 Suppl 113:S1–130.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Foundation NK. K/DOQI, clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42 Suppl 3:S1–202.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Metzger M, Houillier P, Gauci C, Haymann JP, Flamant M, Thervet E, et al. Relation between circulating levels of 25(OH) vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in chronic kidney disease: quest for a threshold. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2922–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(1):6–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Chen TC, Chimeh F, Lu Z, Mathieu J, Person KS, Zhang A, et al. Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007;460(2):213–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Kroll MH, Bi C, Garber CC, Kaufman HW, Liu D, Caston-Balderrama A, et al. Temporal relationship between vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone in the United States. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118108.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Holick MF, Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J. Regular use of sunscreen on vitamin D levels. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(11):1337–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):690–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wang TJ, Zhang F, Richards JB, Kestenbaum B, van Meurs JB, Berry D, et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2010;376(9736):180–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Ahn J, Yu K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Simon KC, McCullough ML, Gallicchio L, et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(13):2739–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Levin GP, Robinson-Cohen C, de Boer IH, Houston DK, Lohman K, Liu Y, et al. Genetic variants and associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with major clinical outcomes. JAMA. 2012;308(18):1898–905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M, Smulders M, Tian J, Williams LA, et al. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2007;71(1):31–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Barragry JM, France MW, Carter ND, Auton JA, Beer M, Boucher BJ, et al. Vitamin-D metabolism in nephrotic syndrome. Lancet. 1977;2(8039):629–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Schmidt-Gayk H, Grawunder C, Tschope W, Schmitt W, Ritz E, Pietsch V, et al. 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in nephrotic syndrome. Lancet. 1977;2(8029):105–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ureña-Torres P, Metzger M, Haymann JP, Karras A, Boffa J-J, Flamant M, et al. Association of kidney function, vitamin D deficiency, and circulating markers of mineral and bone disorders in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2011;58:544–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Kramer H, Sempos C, Cao G, Luke A, Shoham D, Cooper R, et al. Mortality rates across 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels among adults with and without estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m2: the third national health and nutrition examination survey. PLoS One. 2012;7:e47458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Oh YJ, Kim M, Lee H, Lee JP, Kim H, Kim S, et al. A threshold value of estimated glomerular filtration rate that predicts changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: 4th Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2008. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:2396–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. de Boer IH, Kestenbaum B, Shoben AB, Michos ED, Sarnak MJ, Siscovick DS. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels inversely associate with risk for developing coronary artery calcification. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(8):1805–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Guessous I, McClellan W, Kleinbaum D, Vaccarino V, Hugues H, Boulat O, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and kidney function decline in a Swiss general adult population. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(7):1162–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Guessous I, McClellan W, Kleinbaum D, Vaccarino V, Zoller O, Theler JM, et al. Comparisons of serum vitamin D levels, status, and determinants in populations with and without chronic kidney disease not requiring renal dialysis: a 24-hour urine collection population-based study. J Ren Nutr. 2014;24(5):303–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Jassal SK, Chonchol M, von Muhlen D, Smits G, Barrett-Connor E. Vitamin d, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo study. Am J Med. 2010;123(12):1114–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. LaClair RE, Hellman RN, Karp SL, Kraus M, Ofner S, Li Q, et al. Prevalence of calcidiol deficiency in CKD: a cross-sectional study across latitudes in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(6):1026–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gonzalez EA, Sachdeva A, Oliver DA, Martin KJ. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease. A single center observational study. Am J Nephrol. 2004;24(5):503–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Craver L, Marco MP, Martínez I, Rue M, Borràs M, Martín ML, et al. Mineral metabolism parameters throughout chronic kidney disease stages 1–5—achievement of K/DOQI target ranges. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:1171–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ravani P, Malberti F, Tripepi G, Pecchini P, Cutrupi S, Pizzini P, et al. Vitamin D levels and patient outcome in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2009;75(1):88–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Satirapoj B, Limwannata P, Chaiprasert A, Supasyndh O, Choovichian P. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency with stages of chronic kidney disease in an Asian population. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:206.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Mariani LH, White MT, Shults J, Anderson CAM, Feldman HI, Wolf M, et al. Increasing use of vitamin D supplementation in the chronic renal insufficiency cohort study. J Ren Nutr Off J Council Ren Nutr Natl Kidney Found. 2014;24:186–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Nakano C, Hamano T, Fujii N, Matsui I, Tomida K, Mikami S, et al. Combined use of vitamin D status and FGF23 for risk stratification of renal outcome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:810–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Friedl C, Amrein K, Drechsler C, Ritz E, et al. Vitamin D status and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(11):3603–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Damasiewicz MJ, Magliano DJ, Daly RM, Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Ebeling PR, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and chronic kidney disease in the AusDiab (Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle) study. BMC Nephrol. 2012;13:55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. de Boer IH, Ioannou GN, Kestenbaum B, Brunzell JD, Weiss NS. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and albuminuria in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50(1):69–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Jacob AI, Sallman A, Santiz Z, Hollis BW. Defective photoproduction of cholecalciferol in normal and uremic humans. J Nutr. 1984;114(7):1313–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bhan I, Burnett-Bowie S-AM, Ye J, Tonelli M, Thadhani R. Clinical measures identify vitamin D deficiency in dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN. 2010;5:460–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Anand S, Kaysen GA, Chertow GM, Johansen KL, Grimes B, Dalrymple LS, et al. Vitamin D deficiency, self-reported physical activity and health-related quality of life: the Comprehensive Dialysis Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transplant Assoc – Eur Ren Assoc. 2011;26:3683–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Barreto DV, Barreto FC, Liabeuf S, Temmar M, Boitte F, Choukroun G, et al. Vitamin D affects survival independently of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4(6):1128–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Patel S, Barron JL, Mirzazedeh M, Gallagher H, Hyer S, Cantor T, et al. Changes in bone mineral parameters, vitamin D metabolites, and PTH measurements with varying chronic kidney disease stages. J Bone Miner Metab. 2011;29:71–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Krassilnikova M, Ostrow K, Bader A, Heeger P, Mehrotra A. Low dietary intake of vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency in hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol Ther. 2014;4(3):166.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Elder GJ, Mackun K. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and diabetes predict reduced BMD in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Socr Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(11):1778–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Querings K, Girndt M, Geisel J, Georg T, Tilgen W, Reichrath J. 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in renal transplant recipients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(2):526–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Michaud J, Naud J, Ouimet D, Demers C, Petit JL, Leblond FA, et al. Reduced hepatic synthesis of calcidiol in uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(9):1488–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Bosworth CR, Levin G, Robinson-Cohen C, Hoofnagle AN, Ruzinski J, Young B, et al. The serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration, a marker of vitamin D catabolism, is reduced in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012;82(6):693–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. de Boer IH, Sachs MC, Chonchol M, Himmelfarb J, Hoofnagle AN, Ix JH, et al. Estimated GFR and circulating 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentration: a participant-level analysis of 5 cohort studies and clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2014;64:187–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Stubbs JR, Zhang S, Friedman PA, Nolin TD. Decreased conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 following cholecalciferol therapy in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(11):1965–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Prytula A, Wells D, McLean T, Balona F, Gullett A, Knott C, et al. Urinary and dialysate losses of vitamin D-binding protein in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(4):643–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Denburg MR, Kalkwarf HJ, de Boer IH, Hewison M, Shults J, Zemel BS, et al. Vitamin D bioavailability and catabolism in pediatric chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol (Berlin, Germany). 2013;28:1843–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Kendrick J, Cheung AK, Kaufman JS, Greene T, Roberts WL, Smits G, et al. Associations of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations with death and progression to maintenance dialysis in patients with advanced kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(4):567–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. de Boer IH, Sachs MC, Cleary PA, Hoofnagle AN, Lachin JM, Molitch ME, et al. Circulating vitamin D metabolites and kidney disease in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(12):4780–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Benhamou C-L, Souberbielle J-C, Cortet B, Fardellone P, Gauvain J-B, Thomas T. La vitamine D chez l’adulte: recommandations du GRIO. Presse Med. 2011;40(7/8):673–82.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Francis R, Aspray T, Fraser W, Gittoes N, Javaid K, MacDonald H, et al. Vitamin D and bone health: a practical clinical guideline for patient management. Natl Osteoporosis Soc [Internet]. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Wood CL, Cheetham TD. Vitamin D: increasing supplement use among at-risk groups (NICE guideline PH56). Arch Dis Child-Educ Prac Ed. 2015:edpract-2015-308299.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Carter JL, O’Riordan SE, Eaglestone GL, Delaney MP, Lamb EJ. Bone mineral metabolism and its relationship to kidney disease in a residential care home population: a cross-sectional study. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transplant Assoc – Eur Ren Assoc. 2008;23:3554–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Echida Y, Mochizuki T, Uchida K, Tsuchiya K, Nitta K. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease. Intern Med (Tokyo, Japan). 2012;51(8):845–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Saab G, Young DO, Gincherman Y, Giles K, Norwood K, Coyne DW. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the safety and effectiveness of monthly ergocalciferol in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract. 2007;105:c132–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Del Valle E, Negri AL, Aguirre C, Fradinger E, Zanchetta JR. Prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in chronic kidney disease stage 5 patients on hemodialysis. Hemodial Int Int Symp Home Hemodial. 2007;11(3):315–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Coen G, Mantella D, Manni M, Balducci A, Nofroni I, Sardella D, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and bone histomorphometry in hemodialysis renal osteodystrophy. Kidney Int. 2005;68(4):1840–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Jean G, Lataillade D, Genet L, Legrand E, Kuentz F, Moreau-Gaudry X, et al. Impact of hypovitaminosis D and alfacalcidol therapy on survival of hemodialysis patients: results from the French ARNOS study. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;118(2):c204–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Pelletier S, Roth H, Bouchet JL, Drueke T, Hannedouche T, London G, et al. Mineral and bone status in French maintenance hemodialysis patients: a comparison of June 2005 and June 2008. Nephrol Ther. 2010;6(1):11–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Schiller A, Gadalean F, Schiller O, Timar R, Bob F, Munteanu M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency – prognostic marker or mortality risk factor in end stage renal disease patients with diabetes mellitus treated with hemodialysis – a prospective multicenter study. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126586.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Taskapan H, Ersoy FF, Passadakis PS, Tam P, Memmos DE, Katopodis KP, et al. Severe vitamin D deficiency in chronic renal failure patients on peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol. 2006;66(4):247–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ghazali A, Fardellone P, Pruna A, Atik A, Achard JM, Oprisiu R, et al. Is low plasma 25-(OH)vitamin D a major risk factor for hyperparathyroidism and Looser’s zones independent of calcitriol? Kidney Int. 1999;55(6):2169–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Wang AY, Lam CW, Sanderson JE, Wang M, Chan IH, Lui SF, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and cardiovascular outcomes in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients: a 3-y prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(6):1631–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Reinhardt W, Bartelworth H, Jockenhovel F, Schmidt-Gayk H, Witzke O, Wagner K, et al. Sequential changes of biochemical bone parameters after kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(2):436–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ewers B, Gasbjerg A, Moelgaard C, Frederiksen AM, Marckmann P. Vitamin D status in kidney transplant patients: need for intensified routine supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:431–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Stavroulopoulos A, Cassidy MJ, Porter CJ, Hosking DJ, Roe SD. Vitamin D status in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg. 2007;7(11):2546–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Marcen R, Ponte B, Rodriguez-Mendiola N, Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Galeano C, Villafruela JJ, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in kidney transplant recipients: risk factors and effects of vitamin D3 supplements. Transplant Proc. 2009;41(6):2388–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Baxmann AC, Menon VB, Medina-Pestana JO, Carvalho AB, Heilberg IP. Overweight and body fat are predictors of hypovitaminosis D in renal transplant patients. Clin Kidney J. 2015;8:49–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Inserm UMR 1018, Centre de Recherches en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Villejuif, France

    Marie Metzger MD

  2. Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Renal and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Team, University Paris-Saclay, Paris, France

    Bénédicte Stengel MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Marie Metzger MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bénédicte Stengel MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marie Metzger MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ramsay-Générale de Santé, Clinique du Landy, Saint Ouen, France

    Pablo A. Ureña Torres

  2. San Paolo Hospital, DiSS University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Mario Cozzolino

  3. VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Marc G. Vervloet

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Metzger, M., Stengel, B. (2016). Epidemiology of Vitamin D Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Ureña Torres, P., Cozzolino, M., Vervloet, M. (eds) Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32507-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32507-1_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32505-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32507-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation