Abstract
This chapter provides a first impression of what the general aims and scopes of fluid and thermodynamics are as special topics of engineering and natural sciences. In a first section short historical notes and definitions of the subject fields are given: What scientific fields are represented by ‘Mechanics’ and ‘Thermodynamics’? What terminology is used in both specialties to set the important vocabulary within Newtonian mechanics and in thermodynamics as representative axioms to arrive at balances of mass, momenta, energy and entropy? Concepts like ‘body’, ‘motion’, ‘force’, ‘power’, ‘work’, ‘temperature’ and ‘heat’ need precise definitions to define Newtonian mechanics and the First Law of Thermodynamics. These laws form principal statements of universality; however, to formulate any mathematically closed theory, statements of material behavior are requested. In a second subsection, properties of liquids are briefly discussed. This is done with focus on simple shear experiments to shed light on behaviors of solids and fluids. Elastic and viscous behavior are described as are the special responses of elastic, viscous and more complicated behavior of pure water and salty water as functions of density, pressure, temperature and salinity, known as thermal equations of state.
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Notes
- 1.
In material science creep experiments are often further continued beyond this secondary creep regime. Creep curves then often show at large stresses a further accelerated regime that merges at large strains into another steady regime, now called tertiary creep.
- 2.
Thomas Young (1773–1829), physician, physicist and Egyptologist. He described the modulus of elasticity, E, in 1807 and further described it in his A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807) [11]. However, the first use of the concept of Young’s modulus in experiments was by Giordano Ricatti in 1782—predating Young by 25 years [10]. Furthermore the idea can be traced to a paper by Euler published in 1727, some 80 years before Thomas Young’s 1807-paper. Excerpt from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist).
- 3.
Robert Hooke (1635–1702) was a contemporary of Isaac Newton and was from 1662 onward the curator of experiments of the Royal Society of London. His most important work is Micrographia [6], which laid the foundation of microscopy. His Lectiones Cutleriana (1679) [7] contain the law ut tensio sic vis’, which is now Hooke’s Law of Elasticity. Based on http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke#Rezeption_und_Nachwirkung.
- 4.
Frederick Harwood Norton (1896–1963) was an American material scientist, who primarily worked on creep resistance of steels. His book [9] written while Norton was working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology summarizes his studies on the creep of steel at elevated temperature differently from linear viscous fluids .
Nicolas J. Hoff (1906–1973) was a Hungarian-Swiss-American applied mechanician who was equally involved in the study of creep flow of solids at elevated temperature.
- 5.
Markus Reiner (1886–1976) was a German-Israeli engineer and applied mathematician, specialized in rheology. Miss R. Riwlin is Reiners junior collaborator for the well known Reiner-Riwlin fluid
$$\begin{aligned} {\varvec{t}}^{R} = 2 \eta {\varvec{D}} + \alpha {\varvec{D}}^{2}, \quad \eta , \alpha = \text{ constant }. \end{aligned}$$In the above, \({\varvec{t}}^{R}\) is the stress deviator and \({\varvec{D}}\) the strain rate tensor . Miss Riwlin died soon after the completion of the paper in a car accident (1936), see Fig. 7.2 with a short biography on Reiner. In continuum mechanics the above fluid carries the name Reiner-Rivlin fluid, (probably erroneously, attributed to Ronald Samuel Rivlin (1915–2005), a nephew of Miss Riwlin and equally an illustrious figure in rheology.
- 6.
John Glen (1927–) is a British ice physicist. He is reader in the Department of Physics of Birmingham University, England and is serving as Editor of the J. Glaciology for more than 60 years.
- 7.
Eugene Cook Bingham (1878–1945) was a British material scientist studying the behavior of non-linear viscous fluids and plastic creep [1]. He coined together with Markus Reiner the term ‘Rheology’.
- 8.
A fundamental book, in which complex constitutive behavior for continuous media is dealt with is [2].
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Hutter, K., Wang, Y. (2016). Introduction. In: Fluid and Thermodynamics. Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33633-6_1
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