Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of Preventive Campaigns in Dermatology: A Brazilian Experience

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dermatology in Public Health Environments

  • 1484 Accesses

Abstract

The scope of this chapter includes the national mass media campaigns triggered by the Government with regard to Dermatology, such as sexually transmitted infection (STI), AIDS, and Hansen’s disease (HD), and the well-recognized prominent role of the Brazilian Society of Dermatology (SBD) in conducting a National Skin Cancer Campaign (NSCC). It is expected to provide readers with useful information about the Brazilian experience in the management of campaigns to face HD since its first public policy, the AIDS/STI fighting initiatives dating from the syphilis era, and ongoing marketing utilizing diverse mass media tools plus all the efforts of SBD after 17 years of a sustainable NSCC. Dealing with these activities requires expertise in pedagogic methodologies and optimized use of communication technology to reach all dermatologists in the field to work under socio-constructionist principles of health education. An approach toward social accountability is demonstrated by the SBD commitment to provide a good quality of service by stimulating civic engagement of its members, including voluntary workers, and pressurizing the State health sector to meet its obligations, resulting in the betterment of the community.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Some of these procedures have been revisited because of emerging viruses.

  2. 2.

    From the Ottawa letter (1986) health promotion emphasized the social dimensions and the importance of five essential strategies for achieving full health: public policies, healthy environments, reinforcement of communitarian action, creation of personal abilities, and reorientation of health services.

  3. 3.

    The campaign practices in Dermatology usually combine mass media propaganda and punctual patient examinations to screen for skin cancer and Hansen’s disease, which includes diagnosis and treatment of general skin diseases. This could be optimized by communication and health education activities and general health promotion policy at the local level.

  4. 4.

    Observation from this author.

  5. 5.

    Report from the survey “Life Style of Brazilian Population (LPM)” requested from the National Secretary of Chronic and Degenerative Diseases of MoH, (988) (author repository).

  6. 6.

    This belief is mainly present in the peripheral area of metropolitan city Rio de Janeiro and it can be seen in a video at http://hanseniaseufrj.blogspot.com.br/2014/09/trecho-extraido-da-videoteca-do-nutes.html.

  7. 7.

    (a) Let’s stop this spot in Brazil; (b) Hanseníase can be cured.

  8. 8.

    BBC Campaign run in February 2003.

  9. 9.

    SBD president and vice president (Sinésio Talhari and Gerson Penna: 2005–2006), and the HD Department consisted of Maurício Nobre (NE), Fatima Maroja (NO), Francisca Estrela, Luna Azulay, and myself.

  10. 10.

    This proposal received support from the ILEP member Netherlands Leprosy Relief.

  11. 11.

    Report from then the National Division of Dermatology. Document copy of this author’s repository.

  12. 12.

    The operational research “The social role of dermatologists: importance of early diagnosis of leprosy and prevalent skin diseases” received the award for the best community operational research from the Dermatology Residents Forum at the 56th Brazilian Congress.

  13. 13.

    Observations from this author’s experience: (a) In the beginning of the 1970s the State Secretariat of Health of Espírito Santo state supported a reference center for diagnosis and treatment of DST, offering a field for medical student practices .(b) In the early 1980s The DNDS/MoH started offering training on Sanitary Dermatology and the trainees went to Porto Alegre in order to have practice. (c) At the same time in Rio de Janeiro city the State Blood Storage notified all blood donors who tested positive for syphilis, but there was no subsequent surveillance action.

  14. 14.

    The first case of AIDS identified and released in a scientific society in Brazil comes from São Paulo, presented by Valéria Petri at the Brazilian Dermatology Society (SBD) Congress in 1982, Rio de Janeiro.

  15. 15.

    I received it in Rio de Janeiro as state coordinator of Sanitary Dermatology. Also, DNDS triggered one TV campaign with Sócrates (football player) and provided an international course in 1985 for Aguinaldo Gonçalves, in charge of the National Programe, Paulo Teixeira from SP, the coordinator of DF (Brasilia) and I from RJ state. Paulo Teixeira, one technician from DF, one from MoH, and one from Rio de Janeiro.

  16. 16.

    While in charge of DNDS this author first invited Dr. Paulo Teixeira to coordinate the workgroup and then Professor Lair Guerra de Macedo who was working in STI in the Women Program/MoH, to be responsible for AIDS/SDI; Dr. Miriam Franchini to be responsible for STI training; and Dr. Jair Ferreira to take part in both committees as epidemiologist. Many difficulties were encountered at the beginning, when MoH had a very poor infrastructure and budget (before SUS) and had just started working with civil organizations through DNDS (MORHAN, GAPA, ABIA, GGB, and hemophilia associations). Also important was the support from SESP Foundation Network training an all-doctors team coordinated by Dr. Pedro Chequer. Also the recognition of STI state referral centers for training in Porto Alegre (the film Love without pain – Gerbase/RGS), the Laboratory in Brasilia (Miriam Franchini), and Alfredo da Matta Reference Center (Adele Benzakem, Sinesio Talhari and JCG Sardinha).

  17. 17.

    Oral information from health workers’ meeting.

  18. 18.

    Missed campaign from the first decade.

  19. 19.

    Despite only congenital syphilis being notified, there is a consensus about diagnosis increasing in the routine consultancies of Brazilian dermatologists.

  20. 20.

    Before this prohibition in 2010, it was well known that in the case of STI, regular people used to go first to the pharmacy.

References

  1. Porto MY. Uma revolta popular contra a vacinação. Cienc Cult [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2016 Feb. 20]; 55(1):53–4. Available from: http://cienciaecultura.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0009-67252003000100032&lng=en. Accessed in: 27 Jan 2016.

  2. Benight CC, Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: the role of perceived self-efficacy. Behav Res Ther [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 Feb. 20]; 42(10);1129–48. Available from: <https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Bandura/Bandura2004CTR.pdf>. Accessed in: 27 Jan 2016.

  3. Maibach EW, Murphy DA. Self-efficacy in health promotion research and practice: conceptualization and measurement. Health Educ Res. 1995;10(1):37–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. December J. Units of analysis for internet communication. J Comput Mediat Commun [Internet]. 1996 [cited 2016 Feb. 20]; 46(1):14–37. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00173.x/full>. Accessed in: 27 Jan 2016.

  5. Setton MGJ. A educação popular no Brasil: a cultura de massa. Rev USP [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 Feb. 19]; 61:58–77. Available from: <https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar>. Accessed in: 27 Jan 2016.

  6. Dalmonte EF. A hipótese dos usos e gratificações aplicadas à internet: deslocamentos conceituais. Contract Inter. 2008 [cited 2016 Feb. 20]; 6(2):1–17. Available: <http://www.portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/contemporaneaposcom/article/viewArticle/3527>. Accessed in: 27 Jan 2016.

  7. Lariscy RW, Tinkham SF, Sweetser KD. Kids these days: examining differences in political uses and gratifications, internet political participation, political information efficacy, and cynicism on the basis of age. Am Behav Sci. 2011;55(6):749–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Morton TA, Duck JM. Communication and health beliefs mass and interpersonal influences on perceptions of risk to self and others. Commun Res. 2001;28(5):602–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Backer TE, Rogers EM, Sopory P. Designing health communication campaigns: what works? Part four: implications for campaign design. London: Sage; 1992.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Berbel DB, Rigolin CCD. Health education and promotion in Brazil trough public campaigns. Rev Bras Ciência Tecnol Soc. 2011;2(1):25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Heidmann ITSB, Almeida MCP, Boehs AE, Wosny AM, Monticelli M. Health promotion: historic trajectory of its conceptions. Texto Cont Enferm. 2006;15(2):352–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Pereira, ALF. Pedagogical approaches and educational practices in health sciences. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2016 Feb. 12]; 19(5):1527–34. Available from <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v19n5/17825. Accessed in: 20 Feb 2016.

  13. Freire P. Educação e mudança. 24th ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  14. World Health Organization. From Australia to Brazil: sun worshippers beware. Bull World Health Organ. 2009;87(8):574–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia-RJ. Campanha de prevenção do câncer da pele na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Bol Rio Dermatol. 1999;1(10):2.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia. Números e fatos da campanha nacional de prevenção do câncer da pele. J SBD. 2000;iv(3):12–7.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia. Data analysis of the brazilian society of dermatology skin cancer prevention campaign, 1999 to 2005. An Bras Dermatol. 2006;81(6):533–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia. SBD pede apoio dos seus associados na divulgação das ações da campanha de câncer da pele. J Dermatol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2016 Feb. 22]; 18(5):34–6. Available from <https://issuu.com/sbd.br/docs/jornal_da_sbd_5.14semanuncios/1?e=9478886/10353172>. Accessed in: 2 Feb 2016.

  19. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia. Tour de prevenção é o destaque da 11ª campanha de câncer da pele. J Dermatol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2016 Feb. 29]; xviii(5):20–1. Available from <http://issuu.com/sbd.br/docs/jornalanoxiiin5-set-out-2009_3bc978f57e2944/1?e=9478886/6063250>. Accessed in: 20 Feb 2016.

  20. Grupo Brasileiro de Melanoma. Editorial Bol Inform GBM 1998 [internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Feb. 2]; 1(1):1. Available from <www.gbm.org.br/gbm/boletim/Edicao01.pdf>. Accessed in: 02 Feb 2016.

  21. Ministério da Saúde (Brasil). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (Brasil). Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde (Brasil). Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Brasil). Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância. Estimativa 2005: incidência de câncer no Brasil [internet]. Rio de Janeiro: INCA. [cited 2016 Feb. 22]. Available from <www.inca.gov.br/releases/press_release_view_arq.asp?ID=315>. Accessed in: 20 Feb 2016.

  22. ____. Instituto Nacional do Câncer. Estimativa 2016: incidencia de cancer no Brasil [internet]. Rio de Janeiro: INCA, 2016 [cited 2016 Feb. 2]. Available from http://www.inca.gov.br/dncc. Accessed in: 02 Feb 2016

  23. Almeida AMPT, Nai GA. Skin cancer and its association with solar damage. RBM Especial Dermatol [Internet]. 1910 [cited 2016 Feb. 1]; 67:16–21. Available from www.moreirajr.com.br/revistas.asp?id_materia=4486&fase. Accessed in: 02 Feb 2016.

  24. Bakos L, Mastroeni S, Bonamigo RR, Melchi F, Pasquini P, Fortes C. A melanoma risk score in a Brazilian population. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(2):226–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Ribeiro AO, Silva LCF, Martins-Filho PRS. Prevalence of and risk factors for actinic cheilitis in Brazilian fishermen and women. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(11):1370–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bakos L, Wagner M, Bakos RM, Leite CS, Sperhacke CL, Dzekaniak KS, et al. Sunburn, sunscreens, and phenotypes: some risk factors for cutaneous melanoma in southern Brazil. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(9):557–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Benvenuto-Andrade C, Zen B, Fonseca G, De Villa D, Cestari T. Sun exposure and sun protection habits among high-school adolescents in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Photochem Photobiol. 2005;81(3):630–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fabris MR, Durães ESM, Martignago BCF, Blanco LF, Fabris TR. Assessment of knowledge of skin cancer prevention and its relation with sun exposure and photo protection amongst gym academy members on the south of Santa Catarina, Brazil. An Bras Dermatol. 2012;87(1):36–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Vasconcellos-Silva PR, Castiel LD, Griep RH, Zanchetta M. Cancer prevention campaigns and internet access: promoting health or disease? Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:876–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Instituto Oncoguia. Taxa de sobrevida para o câncer de pele melanoma por estágio [internet]. [cited 2016 Apr. 2]. Available from <http://www.oncoguia.org.br/conteudo/taxa-de-sobrevida-para-o-cancer-de-pele-melanoma-por-estagio/7062/187/>. Accessed in: 01 Feb 2016.

  31. Bonfá R, Bonamigo RR, Bonfá R, Duro KM, Furian RD, Zelmanowicz AM. Early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma: an observation in southern Brazil. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(2):215–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lebsa-Weber A, Nunes DH, Souza Filho JJ, Carvalho-Pinto CJ. Avaliacão de 496 laudos anatomopatologicos de melanoma diagnosticados no municipio de Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. An Bras Dermatol. 2007;82(3):227–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Mauad EC, Silva TB, Latorre MRDO, Vieira RAC, Haikel Jr RL, Vazquez VL et al. Opportunistic screening for skin cancer using a mobile unit in Brazil.BMC Dermatol [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Feb. 29]. Available from www.biomedcentral.com/1471-5945/11/12. Accessed in: 7 Mar 2016.

  34. Veneziano DB. Estudo do perfil epidemiológico do melanoma cutâneo na cidade de Jaú-SP através do registro de base populacional (dissertation). Botucatu: Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, 2014 [cited 2016 Apr. 4]. Available from <http://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/108855>. Accessed in: 01 Feb 2016.

  35. Moreno M, Batista FRB, Bonetti TC. Survival of patients with cutaneous melanoma in the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Rev Bras Cancerologia. 2012;58(4):649–53.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Mendes GLQ. Invasive melanoma: survival and mortality in Brazil in hospital oncology referral center in Rio de Janeiro (dissertation). Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, 2010 [cited 2016 Mar. 8]. Available from <http://arca.icict.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/2407>. Accessed in: 7 Mar 2016.

  37. Mendes GLQ, Koifman RJ, Koifman S. Mortality frequency and trends attributed to melanoma in Brazil from 1980–2005. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73(13–14):850–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mendes GLQ, Koifman RJ, Koifman S. Socioeconomic status as a predictor of melanoma survival in a series of 1083 cases from Brazil: just a marker of health services accessibility? Melanoma Res. 2013;23(3):199–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Grupo Brasileiro de Melanoma. Ação nas montanhas [internet]. [cited 2016 Feb. 16]. Available from: http <//www.gbm.org.br/gbm/campanhas.aspx. Accessed in: 7 Mar 2016>.

  40. Leis e Decretos (Brasil). Decreto n°76.078 de 4 de agosto de 1975 [que] altera a denominação de órgãos do Ministério da Saúde e dá outras providências [internet]. 1975 [cited 2016 Apr. 2]. Available from <http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1970-1979/decreto-76078-4-agosto-1975-424627-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html>. Accessed in: 7 Mar 2016.

  41. Rotberg AA. Hanseníasis, the new official name of leprosy in São Paulo. Brazil Derm Int. 1969;8(1):41–3.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Leis e Decretos (Brasil). Lei 9.010 de 29 de março de 1995 [que] dispõe sobre a terminologia oficial relativa à hanseníase e dá outras providências [internet]. 1995 [cited 2016 Apr. 4]. Available fom <http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/lei/1995/lei-9010-29-marco-1995-348623-norma-pl.html>. Accessed in: 8 Mar 2016

  43. Oliveira MLW, Moreira MB, Pereira GF, Alves JJP. Multi-media Educational Campaign about Hansen’s Disease – Brazil. 30th International Leprosy Congress, Netherlands, 1988. Int J Lepr. 1989;57(suppl 1):397–PO517.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Santos AK, Monteiro SS. Banco de materiais educativos sobre hanseníase [Internet]. [cited 2016 Apr. 2]. Available from <http://hanseniase.icict.fiocruz.br/?page_id=3913>. Accessed in: 8 Mar 2016.

  45. Oliveira MLW, Mendes CM, Tardin RT, Cunha MD, Arruda A. A representação social da hanseníase, trinta anos após a substituição da terminologia lepra no Brasil. Hist Cienc Saude-Manguinhos. 2003;10(suppl 1):41–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Claro LBL. Hanseníase: representações sobre a doença. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  47. World Health Organization. Leprosy elimination campaign (LEC) and special leprosy projects to eliminate leprosy (SAPEL). Geneve: WHO/LEP.97.3,1997.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Andrade V, Moreira TMA, Castro AJW, Tardim RT, Sousa ACM. Leprosy elimination campaign coupled with anti-polio vaccination, in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil An Bras Dermatol. 1998;73(2):159–65.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Valladares D, Ledra VJ, Glath R, Pereira GF, Oliveira MLW. National leprosy elimination campaign (Brazil LEC). In: 15th Leprosy Congress, 1988, Beijin (Abstracts): p40A, CO17.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia. J Dermatol. 2006 Nov–Dez; ano ix(6): 20p.

    Google Scholar 

  51. World Health Organization-WHO. Global leprosy strategy 2016–2020 Global leprosy strategy: accelerating towards a leprosy-free world. SEA-GLP-2016.2, New Delhi [internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Apr. 7]. Available from: <http://www.searo.who.int/entity/global_leprosy_programme/en/. Accessed in 07 Apr 2016.

  52. Motta CP, Oliveira MLW. A hanseníase como problema de saúde pública. In: Lombardi C (Org), Ferreira J, Motta CP, Oliveira MLW editors. Hanseníase: epidemiologia e controle. São Paulo: IMESP/SAESP,SP, 1990. p. 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Martelli CMT, Penna GO, MLF P. Epidemiologia e vigilância da hanseníase. In: Talhari S, Neves RG, Penna GO, Oliveira MLW, editors. Hanseníase. 5th ed. São Paulo: Dilivros; 2015. p. 7–15.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Oliveira MLW, Lenzi MER, Horta IM, Woods W, Marques LBC. The social role of the dermatologists: importance of early diagnosis of leprosy and prevalent skin diseases. In: Trabalhos premiados do Fórum de o 56° Congresso Brasileiro de Dermatologia, Goiania, 2001 (disponível em CD).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ministério da Saúde (Brasil), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (Brasil), Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde (Brasil). Plano integrado de ações estratégicas de eliminação da hanseníase, filariose, esquistossomose e oncocercose como problema de saúde pública, tracoma como causa de cegueira e controle das geohelmintíases: plano de ação 2011–2015. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2012. 100p.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Alencar CH, Ramos N Jr, Barbosa JC, Kerr LRFS, MlW O, Heukelbach J. Persisting leprosy transmission despite increased control measures in an endemic cluster in Brazil: the unfinished agenda. Lepr Rev. 2012;83(4):344–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Souza-Araújo HC. História da lepra no Brasil: período republicano: vol. III (1890–1952), vol. III. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional; 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cabral D. A assistência ao leproso: mediações entre políticas públicas, fontes e historiografia [internet]. In: Simpósio Nacional de História: conhecimento histórico e diálogo social; 2013 Jul 22–26; Natal, Brazil. Natal: s.n, 2013 [cited 2016 Apr. 2]. Available from http://www.snh2013.anpuh.org/resources/anais/27/1371313320_ARQUIVO_Assistencialepra.DilmaCabral.pdf. Accessed in 02 Apr 2016.

  59. Martins BDL, Torres FN, Oliveira MLW. Impact on the quality of life of patients with Hansen’s disease: correlation between dermatology life quality index and disease status. An Bras Dermatol. 2008;83(1):39–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Block P. Sexuality, parenthood, and cognitive disability in Brazil. Sex Disabil. 2002;20(1):7–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Cunha MA, Antunes DE, Da Silveira RW, Goulart IM. Application of the SRQ20 and the protocol of psychological assessment in patients with leprosy in a reference centre in Brazil. Lepr Rev. 2015;86(3):229–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Garbin CAS, Garbin AJI, Carloni MEOG, Rovida TAS, Martins RJ. The stigma and prejudice of leprosy: influence on the human condition. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2015;48(2):194–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Rodrigues FF, Calou CGP, Leandro TA, Antezana FJ, Pinheiro AKB, Silva VM, et al. Knowledge and practice of the nurse about leprosy: actions of control and elimination. Rev Bras Enferm. 2015;68(2):271–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Carrara S. Tributo a Vênus: a luta contra a sífilis no Brasil, da passagem do século aos anos 40 [internet]. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz, 1996 [cited 2016 Apr. 2]. Available from <http://static.scielo.org/scielobooks/q6qbq/pdf/carrara-9788575412817.pdf>. Accessed in: 7 Mar 2016.

  65. Oliveira MLW. Articulação docente-assistencial: o caso do programa de controle da hanseníase no Rio de Janeiro (dissertation). Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal Fluminense; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Sanglard GP. Entre os salões e o laboratório: filantropia, mecenato e práticas científicas – Rio de Janeiro, 1920–1940 [tese]. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Oswaldo Cruz; 2005 [cited 2016 Apr. 1]. Available from <http://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/3980>. Accessed in: 8 Mar 2016.

  67. Saraiva LJC, Junes TS. O hospital São Sebastião (Asilo das Madalenas): prostituição, sífilis e os dispensários antivenéreos na cidade no início do século XX. Rev Pará Med [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2016 Apr. 1]; 25(4):1–2. Available from <http://files.bvs.br/upload/S/0101-5907/2011/v25n4/a3066.pdf>. Accessed in: 8 Mar 2016.

  68. Passos MRL. Syphilis. J Bras Doenças Sex Transm. 1989;1(2):47–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Tibúrcio ASP, Leal MRL, Pinheiro VMS. Epidemiology of the STD: profiles patients assisted in national training center. J Bras Doenças Sex Transm. 2000;12(4):4–39.

    Google Scholar 

  70. de Andrade AL, Martelli CM, Sousa LC, de Sousa MA, Zicker F. Seroprevalence and risk factors for syphilis in prisoners in Goias, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 1989;31(3):177–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Grimes PRC. A zona é no Morro Cortado!’: biopolítica e prostituição nos processos criminais em Itajaí/SC (1960). Rev Cad Espaço Feminino [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2016 Jan. 28]; 27(4):1–15. Available from <http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/neguem/article/view/24615>. Accessed in: 8 Mar 2016.

  72. Gerbase A, Rowley J, Heymann D, Berkley S, Piot P. Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs. Sex Transm Infect. 1998;74(Suppl 1):S12–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ramos C, Becker D, Germany C, Sander MA, Stein A, Fagundes RAL, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae prevalence among women living in a low income neighborhood: a populational survey in Porto Alegre, Brazil. J Bras Doenças Sex Transm. 2003;15(2):20–5.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Guerra L, Gonçalves A. Controle de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST): Programa de Assistência Integral à Saúde da Mulher.Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, Serviço Nacional de Pastoral do Ensino Superior (SNPES), Dinsami, Divisão de Hansenologia e Dermatologia Sanitária (DHDS), Ministério da Previdência e Assistência Social (MPAS), [s.d.].

    Google Scholar 

  75. Brasil-Ministério da Saúde-DNDS. Portaria n° 22 de 18 de julho de 1978. Normas técnicas para diagnóstico e controle de DST. In: Legislação sobre o controle de Doenças na área de Dermatologia Sanitária: 25–29. Brasilia, DF.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Quinn TC, Mann TC, Curran JW, Piot P. AIDS in Africa: an epidemiologic paradigm. Science. 1986;234(4779):955–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Wallace R. A synergism of plagues: “Planned shrinkage”, contagious housing destruction and AIDS in the Bronx. Environ Res. 1988;47(1):1–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Laurindo-Teodorescu L, Teixeira PR. The political and social context of the creation of the AIDS program in São Paulo: the construction of a public health service. Boletim Inst Saúde 2014. 15- n° 2: 12–19. Available from <www.saude.sp.gov.br/resources/instituto-de-saude/homepage/bis/pdfs/bisvol15-n2.pdf#page=14>. Accessed in 31/1/2016>. Accessed in: 14 Mar 2016.

  79. de Camargo KR Jr. Aids and aids according to the sciences. História, Ciências Saúde-Manguinhos. 1994;1(1):35–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Galvão J. AIDS no Brasil: a agenda de construção de uma epidemia. Rio de Janeiro: Ed.34; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Mott L. Os médicos e a AIDS no Brasil. Ciênc Cult São Paulo. 1987;39(1):4–13.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Galvão, J. As respostas das organizações não governamentais brasileiras frente à epidemia de aids. In: Parker, R. (Org.). Políticas, instituições e aids: enfrentando a epidemia no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, Abia, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Mesquita F, Doneda D, Gandolfi D, Nemes MI, Andrade T, Bueno R, Piconez e Trigueiros D. Brazilian response to the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic among injection drug users [internet]. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 [cited 2016 Apr. 2]; 37(Suppl 5):S382–85. Available from <http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/Supplement_5/S382.full-GoogleSchoolar>. Accessed in: 15 Mar 2016.

  84. Amato Neto V, Uip DE, Boulos M, Duarte MIS, Mendes CMF, Taketomi E, et al. Síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS): descrição do primeiro caso autóctone no Brasil e estudo imunológico. Rev Paul Med. 1983;101:165–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Benzaken A, Sardinha JC, Casado R. Aids no Amazonas: retrospectiva histórica e situação atual. In: Benzaken A, Sardinha JC, Casado R, editors. Espaço e doença: um olhar sobre o Amazonas. Rio de Janeiro: FIOCRUZ; 1998. p. II.10.1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ministério da Saúde (Brasil). Recomendações para prevenção e controle da infecção pelo vírus HIV (SIDA-AIDS). Brasília: Centro de Documentação do Ministério da Saúde, 1987. Série A: Normas e Manuais Técnicos, 42.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Laurindo-Teodorescu L, Teixeira PR. Histórias da AIDSs no Brasil: v.1: as respostas governamentais à epidemia de AIDS [internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2015 [cited 2016 Apr. 2]. Available from <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002355/235558POR.pdf>. Accessed in: 15 Mar 2016.

  88. Ministério da Saúde. Relatório do Encontro Nacional de Coordenadores Estaduais DST/AIDS. Ministério da Saúde: Brasília; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Brasil. Recomendações do grupo de trabalho sobre a definição de caso de AIDS para fins de vigilância epidemiológica. Semana Epidemiológica 9 a 13. 1989. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde.

    Google Scholar 

  90. World Bank. Project performance assessment report: Brazil first and second Aids and STD control projects. Available from <http://www.worldbank.org/>. Accessed in: 14 Mar 2016.

  91. Laurindo-Teodorescu L, Teixeira PR. Histórias da AIDSs no Brasil: v.1I: as respostas governamentais à epidemia de AIDS. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015. 464 p. Available from <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002355/235558POR.pdf>. Accessed in: 14 Mar 2016

    Google Scholar 

  92. Parker R. (Org.). Saúde, desenvolvimento e política: respostas frente à AIDS no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Abia, Editora 34, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Dourado I, Veras MASM, Barreira D, Brito AM. AIDS epidemic trends after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Brazil. Rev Saúde Públicas. 2006;40(Supl):9–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Teixeira PR. Aderência ao tratamento por anti-retrovirais em serviços públicos no estado de São Paulo [internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, (2000) [cited 2016 Apr. 13]. Available from http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/aderencia_tratamento_anti_sp.pdf. Accessed in: 14 Mar 2016.

  95. Teixeira P. Políticas públicas em AIDS. In: Parker R. (Org.). Políticas, instituições e aids: enfrentando a epidemia no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, Abia, 1997. p. 43–68.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Pinto ACS, Pinheiro PNC, Vieira NFC, Alves MD. DST understanding the aids pandemia in the last 25 years. DST – J Bras Doenças Sex Transm. 2007;19(1):45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Garcia ML, Bellini M, Pavanello RM. Análise Retórica das Campanhas sobre HIV/AIDS no Brasil em outros Países. REMPEC. 2011;4(1):76–79. Available from <http://ensinosaudeambiente.uff.br/index.php/ensinosaudeambiente/article/view/102>. Accessed in: 14 Mar 2016.

  98. Polistchuc I. Campanhas de Saúde pela Televisão: a campanha de AIDS da Rede Globo. 1999. Dissertação (Mestrado em Comunicação), UFRJ.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Faria JB, EMF S. Religiosidade, Enfrentamento e Bem-Estar Subjetivo em Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Psicologia em Estudo. Maringá. 2006;11(1):155–64. Available from <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/pe/v11n1/v11n1a18>. Accessed in 15 Mar 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  100. 2016 Figueiredo RMMD. Prevenção às DSTs/AIDS em ações de Saúde e Educação (Org). 1988. Available from <http://redece.org/prevaids.pdf>. Accessed in 28 Feb 2016.

  101. Benzaken AS, Galbán Garcia E, Sardinha JC, Pedrosa VL, Paiva V. Community-based intervention to control STD/AIDS in the Amazon region, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(Suppl. 2):118–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Grangeiro A, Castanheira ER, Nemes MIB. A re-emergência da epidemia de aids no Brasil: desafios e perspectivas para o seu enfrentamento. Interface. 2015;19(52):7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Joint United Nations Programme on (UNAIDS). Epidemic up date –Dec 2001. Available from <http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub06/epiupdate01_en.pdf>. Accessed in 16 Mar 2016.

  104. Szwarcwald CL, Barbosa Junior A, Miranda AE, Paz LC. Results of the sentinel surveillance project, 2006: challenges for the control of congenital syphilis in Brazil. DST – J Bras Doenças Sex Transm. 2007;19(3–4):128–33.

    Google Scholar 

  105. BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de DST/AIDS. Sífilis na gravidez: trate com carinho. Available from <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/114programa_dst.pdf>. Accessed in 08 Mar 2016.

  106. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de DST/AIDS. Portaria no 3242, de 30 de Dezembro de 2011. Dispõe sobre o fluxograma laboratorial da sífilis e a utilização de testes rápidos para triagem da sífilis em situações especiais e apresenta outras recomendações. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, p. 50, 2 Jan 2012. Seção 1. [Internet]. [citado 2013]. Available from <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2011/prt3242_30_12_2011.html>. Accessed in 05 Mar 2016.

  107. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos. CONITEC. Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis. 2015. Available from <http://conitec.gov.br/>. Accessed in 08 Mar 2016.

  108. World Health Organization. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), the importance of a renewed commitment to STI prevention and control in achieving global sexual and reproductive health. 2013. Available from <http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/rhr13_02/en/index.html>. Accessed in 07 Mar 2016.

  109. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de DST/AIDS. Boletim Epidemiológico – Sífilis. Ano IV (1):32p. Available from <http://www.aids.gov.br/sites/default/files/anexos/publicacao/2015/57978/_p_boletim_sifilis_2015_fechado_pdf_p__18327.pdf>. Accessed in 02 Apr 2016.

  110. Conselho Federal de Medicina (Brasil). Recomendação CFM N° 2/2016 [internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Feb. 29]. Available from <http://portal.cfm.org.br/images/Recomendacoes/2_2016.pdf>. Accessed in 02 Apr 2016.

  111. Szwarcwald CL, Souza Júnior PRB. Estimativa da prevalência de HIV na população brasileira de 15 a 49 anos, 2004. Bol Epidemiol AIDS. 2006;III:11–5.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de DST/AIDS. Boletim Epidemiológico – Aids e DST Ano IV (1): 95p. Available from <http://www.aids.gov.br/publicacao/2015/boletim-epidemiologico-aids-e-dst-2015>. Accessed in 08 Mar 2016.

  113. Santos AFM, Assis M. Vulnerability of the elderly to HIV/AIDS: public politics and health professionals in the context of integral care: a literature review. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol Rio de Janeiro. 2011;14(1):147–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Guimarães RA, Silva LN, França DDS, Del-Rios NHA, Carneiro MAS, Teles AS. Risk behaviors for sexually transmitted diseases among crack users [internet]. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2015 [cited 2016 Apr. 2]; 23(4):628–34. Available from <www.revistas.usp.br/rlae/article/>. Accessed in 02 Apr 2016.

  115. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de DST/AIDS. Pesquisa de Conhecimentos atitudes e práticas na população brasileira (PCAP 2008). Brasília, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Carlotto K, Cesar JA, Hackenhaar AA, Ribeiro PRP. Reproductive characteristics and utilization of preventive health services by childbearing-age women: results of two cross-sectional population-based studies in the far South of Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(9):2054–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Teles AS, Matos MA, Caetano KAA, Costa LA, França DDS, Pessoni GC, et al. Comportamentos de risco para doenças sexualmente transmissíveis em caminhoneiros no Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2008;24(1):25–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Nardi HC, Rigoni RQ. Mapping harm reduction programs in greater metropolitan Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(2):382–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Ayres JRCM, França Júnior I, Calazans GJ, Saletti Filho HC. O conceito de vulnerabilidade e as práticas de saúde: novas perspectivas e desafios. In: Czeresnia D, Freitas CM, editors. Promoção da saúde: conceitos, reflexões, tendências. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz; 2003. p. 117–39.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Terminology guidelines 2015. Available from <http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2015/2015_terminology_guidelines>. Accessed in 02 Apr 2016.

  121. Oliveira MLW, Talhari S, Penna GO, Gonçalves HS. The commitment of the Brazilian Society of Dermatology with the elimination of leprosy: are we also responsible for the failure in achieving this goal. An Bras Dermatol. 2005;80(1):7–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of Interest:

This authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dermatology Sector, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho – HUCFF/FM/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Maria Leide Wand-Del-Rey de Oliveira MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Maria Leide Wand-Del-Rey de Oliveira MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Leide Wand-Del-Rey de Oliveira MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dermatology Service of Clinical, Hospital of Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Renan Rangel Bonamigo

  2. Health Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Sergio Ivan Torres Dornelles

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

de Oliveira, M.L.WDR. (2018). Impact of Preventive Campaigns in Dermatology: A Brazilian Experience. In: Bonamigo, R., Dornelles, S. (eds) Dermatology in Public Health Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33919-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33919-1_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33917-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33919-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation