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Glucose and Amino Acid and Their Roles in Placentation

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Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors

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Abstract

The “Fetal origins hypothesis” states that individual born small due to maternal malnutrition is predisposed to adult disease. The hypothesis is skewed more towards malnourished mothers and does not specify to include placental factor. In contrast, poor placentation mainly due to inadequate vascular adaptation at the utero-placental interface is far more reasonable cause of reduced fetal growth in adequately nourished populations (Henriksen and Clausen 2002). Now, substantial evidences exist that suboptimal maternal nutrition can regulate newborn in both the cases. Immediate impact of optimum maternal diet or its deviation on placental growth and fetal birth weight would be the key to understand their beneficial effect on placentation process. The availability and supply of nutrients to the developing fetus depend on maternal nutritional status which in turn depends on their nutrient stores, dietary intake, and obligatory requirements during pregnancy (Ramakrishnan et al. 2012). During development, there are critical periods when system and organs undergo maturation; those stages are susceptible to be programmed. The pregnancy-specific stages that span from the preconception to the birth are subjected to be influenced by macro and micronutrients that affect both maternal health and fetus development subsequently. Data so far highlighted the importance of nutrition during pregnancy typically focusing on the second and/or the third trimester by which time major organogenesis would have been completed. However, nutritional impact just before conception and/or during first trimester, when women are typically unaware of their pregnancy status, is scanty. It is likely that preconception, conception, implantation, organogenesis, and placentation will be influenced by status of the maternal periconceptional nutrition. These effects may lead to regulate overall health of childbearing women, their reproductive potential, and birth outcome.

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  1. Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Asim K. Duttaroy

  2. National Institute of Nutrition Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India

    Sanjay Basak

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Duttaroy, A.K., Basak, S. (2016). Glucose and Amino Acid and Their Roles in Placentation. In: Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38804-5_3

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