Abstract
While some considered Occupy a “class building” movement, the movement tended to shy away from such a designation—opting instead for the notion of it being the movement of the “99%” opposed to the “one percent.” This designation proved too diffuse as a basis on which to construct an enduring collective identity. The youthful composition of the movement, and the widely shared state of indebtedness, offered better avenues through which to foster collectivity. As it was, Occupy struggled to effectively hold its diverse social base together, and its culture of radical inclusivity proved unmanageable. Further, it struggled with divergent internal tendencies, as exhibited, for instance, with the appearance of a Black Bloc in a movement where most participants championed non-violence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Anonymous. (2012). Activist intervention: Occupy—The end of the affair. Social Movement Studies, 11(3–4), 441–445.
Badiou, A. (2012). The rebirth of history (G. Elliott, Trans.). London: Verso.
Barker, A. J. (2012). Already occupied: Indigenous peoples, settler colonialism and the Occupy movements in North America. Social Movement Studies, 11(3–4), 327–334.
Beradi, F. B. (2011). After the future. Oakland: AK Press.
Bray, M. (2014). Translating anarchy: The anarchism of Occupy Wall Street. Winchester: Zero Books.
Breman, J. (2013). A bogus concept? New Left Review, 84, 130–138.
Buffett, W. E. (2011, August 15). Stop coddling the super-rich, op-ed. The New York Times.
Bunch, W. (2011). The battle of the Brooklyn Bridge.
Calhoun, C. (2011). From the current crisis to possible futures. In C. Calhoun & G. Derluguian (Eds.), Business as usual: The roots of the global financial meltdown (Vol. I). New York: New York University Press.
Cordero-Guzman, H. R. (2011). Main Stream Support for a Mainstream Movement: The 99% Movement Comes From and Looks Like the 99%: Profile of web traffic taken from occupywallst.org. Retrieved 6 April, 2013.
Dean, J. (2011). Claiming division, naming a wrong. In A. Taylor & K. Gessen (Eds.), Occupy! Scenes from occupied America. London: Verso.
Dellacioppa, K., Soto, S., & Meyer, A. (2013). Rethinking resistance and the cultural politics of Occupy. New Political Science, 35(3), 403–416.
Dupuis-Déri, F. (2013). Who’s afraid of the Black Blocs? Anarchy in action around the world. Toronto: Between the Lines.
Ehrenreich, B., & Ehrenreich, J. (2011). The making of the American 99% and the collapse of the middle class. Retrieved 17 February, 2014, from http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175480/
Epstein, B. (2012). Occupy Oakland: The question of violence. In L. Panitch, G. Albo, & V. Chibber (Eds.), Socialist register 2013: The question of strategy. Pontypool: Merlin Press.
Gitlin, T. (2012). Occupy nation: The roots, the spirit, and the promise of Occupy Wall Street. New York: Itbooks.
Giuliani, R. (2011). OWS is millstone around Obama’s neck that will take presidency down. Retrieved 4 October, 2013, from http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2011/11/04/giuliani_ows_is_millstone_around_obamas_neck_that_will_take_presidency_down.html
Graeber, D. (2013). The democracy project: A history, a crisis, a movement. New York: Spiegel & Grau.
Henley, J. (2013). Young, qualified and jobless: Plight of Europe’s best-educated generation. Retrieved 2 June, 2013, from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/01/jobless-europe-young-qualified
Herring, C., & Glük, Z. (2011). The homeless question. In A. Taylor & K. Gessen (Eds.), Occupy! Scences from occupied America. London: Verso.
Hickel, J. (2012). Liberalism and the politics of Occupy Wall Street. Anthropology of this Century, 4.
Holloway, J. (2010). Change the world without taking power: The meaning of revolution today – New edition. London: Pluto.
Juris, J. S., Ronayne, M., Shokooh-Valle, F., & Wengronowitz, R. (2013). Negotiating power and difference in the 99%. Social Movement Studies, 11(3–4), 434–440.
Knight, S. (2012). In immigrant struggle, occupy’s presence still felt. Retrieved 1 November, 2013, from https://www.jacobinmag.com/2012/09/in-immigrant-struggle-occupys-presence-still-felt/
Konczal, M. (2011). Parsing the data and ideology of the we are the 99% Tumblr. Retrieved 21 February, 2013, from http://rortybomb.wordpress.com/2011/10/09/parsing-the-data-and-ideology-of-the-we-are-99-tumblr/
Krugman, P., & Wells, R. (2012). The widening gyre: Inequality, polarization, and the crisis. In J. Byrne (Ed.), The Occupy handbook. New York: Black Bay Books.
Lazzarato, M. (2012). The making of indebted man. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).
Loader, B. D. (2007). Young citizens in the digital age: Disaffected or displaced? In B. D. Loader (Ed.), Young citizens in the digital age: Political engagement, Young people and new media (pp. 1–17). London/New York: Routledge.
Maharawal, M. (2011). Standing up. In A. Taylor & K. Gessen (Eds.), Occupy! Scenes from occupied America. London: Verso.
Mason, P. (2012). Why it’s kicking off everywhere: The new global revolutions. London: Verso.
Mitchell, G. (2011). 40 days that shook the world: From Occupy Wall Street to Occupy everywhere.
Montgomerie, J. (2010). Neoliberalism and the making of subprime borrowers. In M. Konings (Ed.), The great credit crash. London: Verso.
Panitch, L., & Gindin, S. (2013). The making of global capitalism: The political economy of American empire. London: Verso.
Perlin, R. (2011). Intern nation: How to earn nothing and learn little in the brave new economy. London: Verso.
Pew. (2013). Trend data (Adults). Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved 16 August, 2013, from http://www.pewinternet.org/Trend-Data-%28Adults%29/Online-Activities-Daily.aspx
Pickerill, J., & Krinsky, J. (2012). Why does Occupy matter? Social Movement Studies, 11(3–4), 279–287.
Rehmann, J. (2013). Occupy Wall Street and the question of hegemony: A gramscian analysis. Socialism and Democracy, 27(1), 1–18.
Rosenbush, E. e. (2013). Class struggle. Harper's Magazine, 326, 24–25.
Roth, M. (2011). Letters of resignation from the American dream. In A. Taylor & K. Gessen (Eds.), Occupy! Scences from occupied America. London: Verso.
Runciman, D. (2012). Stiffed. London Review of Books, 34(20), 7–9.
Schein, R. (2012). Whose occupation? Homelessness and the politics of park encampments. Social Movement Studies, 3–4(11), 335–341.
Schneider, N. (2013). Thank you, anarchy: notes from the Occupy apocalypse. Berkerley: University of California Press.
Smith, J. (2012). Connecting social movements and political moments: Bringing movement building tools from global justice to Occupy Wall Street activism. Interface, 4(2), 369–382.
Smith, J., & Glidden, B. (2012). Occupy Pittsburgh and the challenges of participatory democracy. Social Movement Studies, 11(3–4), 288–294.
Smith, C., Castañeda, E., & Heyman, J. (2012). The homeless and Occupy El Paso: Creating community among the 99%. Social Movement Studies, 11(3–4), 356–366.
Standing, G. (2011). The precariat: The new dangerous class. London: Bloomsbury.
Strike_Debt. (2012). Strike Debt! Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy (3), 10–11.
Strike_Debt. (2014). The debt resister’s operations manual. Retrieved 09 March, 2015, from http://strikedebt.org/drom/
Strike_Debt. (2015). What is debt collective action? Retrieved 09 March, 2015, from http://strategize.debtcollective.org/t/what-is-the-debt-collective/104
Worth, O. (2013). Resistance in the age of austerity: Nationalism, the failure of the left and the return of God. Winnipeg: Fernwood.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Taylor, D. (2017). The Subject of Change. In: Social Movements and Democracy in the 21st Century . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39684-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39684-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39683-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39684-2
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)