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Atmospheric Signal Propagation

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Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Zusammenfassung

Global navigation satellite system (GlossaryTerm

GNSS

) satellites emit signals that propagate as electromagnetic waves through space to the receivers which are located on or near the Earth’s surface or on other satellites. Thereby, electromagnetic waves travel through the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere (troposphere) which causes signals to be delayed, damped, and refracted as the refractivity index of the propagation media is not equal to one. In this chapter, the nature and effects of GNSS signal propagation in both the troposphere and the ionosphere, aref examined. After a brief review of the fundamentals of electromagnetic waves their propagation in refractive media, the effects of the neutral atmosphere are discussed. In addition, empirical correction models as well as the state-of-the-art atmosphere delay estimation approaches are presented. Effects related to signal propagation through the ionosphere are dealt in a dedicated section by describing the error contribution of the first up to third-order terms in the refractive index and ray path bending. After discussing diffraction and scattering phenomena due to ionospheric irregularities, mitigation techniques for different types of applications are presented.

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Abbreviations

BDS:

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

CCIR:

Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunications

CODE:

Center for Orbit Determination in Europe

DLR:

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt

ECMWF:

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts

EGNOS:

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

EPB:

equatorial plasma bubble

EUV:

extreme ultraviolet

GFZ:

Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum

GNSS:

global navigation satellite system

GPS:

Global Positioning System

GPT:

global pressure and temperature (model)

IERS:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

IGS:

International GNSS Service

IOV:

in-orbit validation

IRI:

international reference ionosphere

LOS:

line-of-sight

NMF:

Niell mapping function

NWM:

numerical weather model

NWP:

numerical weather prediction

PDOP:

position dilution of precision

RMS:

root mean square

RTI:

Rayleigh-Taylor instability

SBAS:

satellite-based augmentation system

STEC:

slant total electron content

TEC:

total electron content

UNB:

University of New Brunswick

URSI:

International Union of Radio Science

VMF:

Vienna mapping function

VTEC:

vertical total electron content

WAAS:

Wide Area Augmentation System

ZHD:

zenith hydrostatic delay

ZWD:

zenith wet delay

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Acknowledgements

Norbert Jakowski would like to express his gratitude to his colleagues from the German Aerospace Center with whom he has worked over many years. In particular he thanks his colleague Dr. Mohammed Mainul Hoque for close cooperation for more than a decade.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, Observatorievägen 90, 43992, Onsala, Sweden

    Thomas Hobiger

  2. Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235, Neustrelitz, Germany

    Norbert Jakowski

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  1. Thomas Hobiger
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Correspondence to Thomas Hobiger .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, WA 6845, Perth, Australia

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  2. Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, Netherlands

    Peter J.G. Teunissen

  3. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Münchener Str. 20, 82234, Wessling, Germany

    Oliver Montenbruck

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Hobiger, T., Jakowski, N. (2017). Atmospheric Signal Propagation. In: Teunissen, P.J., Montenbruck, O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_6

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