Abstract
The complex organization of the brain into neural networks allows for rapid adaption and plasticity necessary for learning and memory. Recent evidence supports the notion that in neurodegenerative disorders behavioral alterations are associated with network dysfunction. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the structure and organization of the nervous system into networks relevant to the understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, HIV neurocognitive impairment and other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. The chapter also provides a summary of the nervous system unique circulatory organization and interactions between neural and vascular activity that accounts for the mechanisms regulating the trafficking of immune cells from peripheral tissues. This chapter provides the structural framework for the better understanding of these interactions under physiological conditions and in neurological diseases.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Avital A, Goshen I, Kamsler A, Segal M, Iverfeldt K, Richter-Levin G, Yirmiya R (2003) Impaired interleukin-1 signaling is associated with deficits in hippocampal memory processes and neural plasticity. Hippocampus 13:826–834
Buller KM (2003) Neuroimmune stress responses: reciprocal connections between the hypothalamus and the brainstem. Stress 6(1):11–17
Crossman AR, Neary D (2005) Neuroanatomy: an illustrated color text. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK
Engelhardt B, Ransohoff RM (2005) The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol 26:485–495
Eskandari F, Webster J, Sternberg EM (2003) Neural immune pathways and their connection to inflammatory diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 5:251–265
Gendelman HE (2002) Neural immunity: friend or foe? J Neurovirol 8:474–479
Greenwood J, Etienne-Manneville S, Adamson P, Couraud PO (2002) Lymphocyte migration into the central nervous system: implication of ICAM-1 signaling at the blood-brain barrier. Vasc Pharmacol 38:315–322
Hashimoto M, Masliah E (2003) Cycles of aberrant synaptic sprouting and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s and dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurochem Res 28:1743–1756
Ho GJ, Drego R, Hakimian E, Masliah E (2005) Mechanisms of cell signaling and inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 4:247–256
Lee RMKW (1995) Morphology of cerebral arteries. Pharmacol Ther 66:149–173
Martin JH (1989) Neuroanatomy: text and atlas. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT
Morgane PJ, Galler JR, Mokler DJ (2005) A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limb midbrain. Prog Neurobiol 75:143–160
Opp M, Toh LA (2003) Neural-immune interactions in the regulation of sleep. Front Biosci 8:768–779
Owens T, Babcock AA, Millward JM, Toft-Hansen H (2005) Cytokine and chemokine inter-regulation in the inflamed or injured CNS. Brain Res Rev 48:178–184
Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ (2005) The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Brain Behav Immun 19:493–499
Ransohoff RM, Kivisaekk P, Kidd G (2003) Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system. Nat Rev Immunol 3:569–581
Ringheim GE, Conant K (2004) Neurodegenerative disease and the neuroimmune axis (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson disease, and viral infections). J Neuroimmunol 147:43–49
Siegel A, Sapru HN (2006) Essential neuroscience. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD
Ziv Y, Ron N, Butovsky O, Landa G, Sudai E, Greenberg N, Cohen H, Kipnis J, Schwartz M (2006) Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood. Nat Neurosci 9:268–275
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thanks Ms. Maria Alonso for invaluable help preparing this chapter. The author is supported by NIH grants AG5131, AG18440, MH6512 and MH62962.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Masliah, E. (2017). Anatomical Networks: Structure and Function of the Nervous System. In: Ikezu, T., Gendelman, H. (eds) Neuroimmune Pharmacology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44022-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44022-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44020-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44022-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)