Humanising and Dehumanising the Other: Ethnic Conflict in Malaysia

Abstract

The lack of research on humanising processes represents a missed opportunity, both theoretically and practically, because “perceiving the Other as human” is arguably an important precondition for establishing and maintaining harmonious and equitable relations between individuals and groups. We present research on patterns of humanisation and dehumanisation in the rhetoric of political elite in Malaysia, focusing on the societal divide between Malays and Chinese Malaysians. Using a coding scheme, we analysed two major Malaysian newspapers and identified general themes in which the Other was represented as machine-like or animalistic. The nature of dehumanising rhetoric varied by ethnicity, suggesting that the kinds of attributions that would be necessary to make the Other “more fully human” depend on the source and target of dehumanisation. Evidence of humanising rhetoric also was obtained when we used a coding scheme that conceptualised humanisation as the semantic opposite of dehumanisation. Some statements did not neatly fit the coding scheme but could be categorised into themes of equity, solidarity, and respect for differences. These emergent themes point to the potential of additional qualities of humanisation that may promote harmonious relations between individuals and groups and underscore the usefulness of a grounded approach that takes into account varying geohistorical contexts in order to further clarify the semantic spaces occupied by humanising rhetoric.

“Divide and rule, the politician cries; Unite and lead, is watchword of the wise”.

―Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Appendices

Appendix 1: Some Context for Selected Dehumanising Statements

Dehumanisation
[ UH ] How they are seen: They are…	[ UH ] How Chinese are seen: They are…	[ UH ] How Malays are seen: They are…
Below us	• Words like pendatang and penumpang directed at fellow non-Malay citizens a • Kampung Baru is located on Malay reserved land, thus non-Malays are not allowed to buy land, rent or live there b	• Assume Malays are descended from Sakai (aborigines), thus, uncivilised c (trans.)
Uncivil (lack or have inferior culture)	• Penang DAP government, sponsored by a beer company, organised a massive concert in Batu Feringgi causing discomfort to locals and inviting many adverse effects d (trans.) • What was touted as a peaceful gathering to highlight the serious shortage of Chinese vernacular school teachers turned into a show of anger, hardly reflective of the community’s cherished Confucian values e	• The Malay community has made a mistake by practicing the politics of hate while containment measures are not takenf (trans.)
Coarse or crude (profanities used to describe the other)	• Pua’s arrogant statement insulting Mahathir as senile and irrelevant. This is due to the statesman saying that voting for the opposition is like voting for George Soros, the rogue currency speculator (DAP, Tony Pua)g (trans.) • Chinese newspapers seen as daring to say anything they like because they believe that not all Malaysians understand their languageh
Immoral (misuse quotas, gambling, and receiving grafts)	• DAP leaders use various means to garner Malay votes by hiding the truth i	• Misuse quotas and allocations j • 90 % of those who frequent gambling centres are Malay Muslim k (trans.) • Many graft recipients are Muslim l (trans.)
Childlike	• MCA will strike back if “bullies” attack the party again. We cannot allow people to spit on us anymorem	• …people who keep asking for things, complacent and remain in one’s comfort zone n (trans.) • Greedy of squandering opportunities under the NEP • Malays continuous infighting among themselves will result in their decreased dominance and power and eventually, destroy themselves o (trans.) • UMNO still living in the past, they keep highlighting things of the past, like the shepherd boy intimidating people. This scenario is often mentioned and repeated with the assumption that voters will vote for them p (trans.)
Lazy, laid-back		• These Bumiputra want to live well but are lazy to work q (trans.) • Lazy work attitudes and daydreaming among indigenous entrepreneurs hinder government efforts to make them successful businessmenr (trans.)
Ungrateful (questioning rights of Malays, and not wanting to integrate)	• Ungrateful because they question Malay rights, Malay as national language, Islam as state religion • Push for Chinese primary and secondary education by the Chinese community has caused the Malays to feel they are not inclined toward integration that acknowledges the identity of the land s • The Chinese community in the country should be grateful to government for recognising Chinese education. Datuk Seri Muhd Hilmi said, “This incessant attitude of asking by the Chinese community is now seen to be extreme and offensive by the other races especially Malays. They seem to take advantage because they know the government needs the support and they ask all sorts of thingst (trans.)
Greedy (wanting more than what is given, squandering opportunities, expecting something in return for some work)	• Ungrateful for wanting more than what they are given. • To establish a Chinese township with Chinese university, industries, etc. on the ground of bringing in Chinese investors, as if other races do not existu (trans.) • In the past Chinese considered a teacher’s pay is too little and thus, there is no future in being a teacher v (trans.)	• Bumiputras abused their special position (as in the Malaysian Constitution and certain public policies) to advance their own interests w • Dr. Mahathir: “Now, if we ask (UMNO) members to continue to contribute, they will ask for something in return”x
Irresponsible	• Building a Chinese cemetery, 76.4 hectares, near a Malay village. Villagers protested because the number of non-Malays around the area is only 2000 compared to 17,000 Malaysy (trans.)	• Often blame other races, accusing them of grabbing our opportunitiesz (trans.)
Domination	• Chinese dominate Penang governmentaa • Malay besieged by Chinese economies ab (trans.) • Kampung Baru will disappear as an area for Malays if it is developed because only non-Malays can afford it ac • The Chinese dominated party did not give way to any Malay candidates including Zairil Khir Johari who served as political secretary to DAP’s secretary-general, Guan Engad (trans.)	• Malays think that the affirmative action instituted by the government is recognition of their superiority ae • Kampung Baru is located on Malay reserved land, thus non-Malays are not allowed to buy land, rent, or live there af • Malays will remain in power in the country if UMNO continues to be a strong partyag (trans.) • Chinese find it difficult to interact within the public sector because majority of its employees are Malay ah (trans.)
Predatory/dangerous	• DAP targets Malay youth who are ignorant of their history by creating a perception of materialism, freedom , etc. to weaken themai (trans.) • DAP’s platform at that time was the Setapak Declaration of Principles, which in principle opposed Malay hegemony aj (trans.) • Lately, DAP has been playing with issues relating to Islam, which is deemed insensitive and dangerous ak (trans.) • Chinese newspapers are free to criticise the government, distort facts, manipulate situation, unethical, and do not care about other people’s sensitivity al (trans.)	• Malay mistrust the Chinese education system am (trans.)
Dependent	• “MCA must stand up for the Chinese and similarly, UMNO for the Malays and MIC, the Indian community”. Political parties still racially divided an • Dependent on a number of Chinese organisations (Hua Zong) to fight for their rights and issuesao (trans.)	• “MCA must stand up for the Chinese and similarly, UMNO for the Malays and MIC, the Indian community”. Political parties still racially divided ap • Malay community too dependent on the government for welfare aidaq
[ UH ] What they lack that is essentially human. They…	What Chinese lack that is essentially human. They…	What Malays lack that is essentially human. They…
Are unintelligent, cognitively unsophisticated, or incompetent		• Bumiputra make up 67 % of the Malaysian population but they control only 19 % of country’s economy ar (trans.) • Failure of Malay entrepreneurs despite the many government assistance givenas (trans.)
Are irrational or illogical	• Chinese couples avoid suspicious months and choose more favourable times to fix their wedding days . Chinese community highly superstitious at • The two numbers (4 and 7) are considered “bad” as 4 sounds like death in Chinese while the Hungry Ghost Festival falls on the 7th month of the lunar calendarau	• PAS wanted Islamic guidelines to be applied more strictly, even among non-Muslims av
Lack language capabilities	• Young Chinese seem to have become almost monolingual. If approached in Mandarin or Cantonese, when you reply in English, they will struggle to converse with you, said Dr Ghauthaw • Because Chinese newspaper journalists are not fluent in both Malay (and English), they face difficulty in analysing issues in the Malay papers ax (trans.) • Most Chinese living in Chinese villages are unable to communicate in the national language ay (trans.)	• He (Ghauth Jasmon) mentioned that (Malay) students had the lowest graduate employability rate due to lack of English proficiency az • Because Chinese have been in this country for a long time, they understand Bahasa Melayu but Malays do not understand Chinese language ba (trans.)
Have only primary emotions: anger, fear, surprise, joy, sadness, disgust
Lack religious beliefs
[ UH ] Emotions and treatment they elicit. They elicit	Emotions and treatment they elicit. Chinese elicit	Emotions and treatment they elicit. Malays elicit
Contempt (disrespect or intense dislike)	• Economically powerful though they are immigrants • Asking for flexibility in hiring quota for non-Malays in the public sectorbb (trans.)	• Special privileges because they are Malays
Disgust or revulsion	• Eat pigs, blood—separate areas for the sale of these products in markets and supermarkets
Humiliation and degrading treatment		• History textbooks do not highlight and give scant attention to the contributions of the non-Malay communities, when they had key roles in the development of the countrybc
[ HN ] How they are seen: They	[ HN ] How Chinese are seen: They are	[ HN ] How Malays are seen: They are
Are distant from us (nonhuman, not subhuman)
Do not have human qualities (machine-like): includes materialistic; calculating; greedy; cold; insincere)
	• Kit Siang and Guan Eng (DAP) are not sincere in accepting Malay members and at the same time do not trust them in giving important roles in the partybd (trans.)
Are passive and ineffectual		• Bumiputra consider depending on others as normal be (trans.)
Are cognitively closed or rigid	• Misunderstand Malay cultural symbols as part of religious beliefs, e.g. Chinese wearing a baju kurung is like betraying one’s faith bf • Muhyiddin said DAP never saw anything good in Malays and Islam bg • Many issues reported in Chinese newspapers are biased bh (trans.)	• Lack open-mindedness, e.g. cannot question their rights • Malay Muslims feel that the term “Allah” should only be used exclusively by them. They are suspicious that the word, so closely associated with Islam, could be a ploy to convert Muslims bi
Are superficial	• DPM Muhiyuddin warned Malay voters not to fall for the tricks of the DAP, saying it might field Malay candidates in the next general election. Also said history never showed that DAP fought for Malay rights bj	• Chua Soi Lek said Nik Abdul Aziz (PAS) is suddenly interested in helping the Chinese community, as a means of fishing for votes bk
Are objectified	• DAP just want to exploit Malays for their votes bl (trans.)	• The few Malays in DAP are seen as puppets to be used as was done by Lee Kuan Yew years agobm (trans.)
Lack personality traits
Have an identity that is alien to our identity	• Chinese	• Bumiputra • Notion of “Malayness” is increasingly being determined by these two forces—Perkasa fronting ethnic nationalists and PAS ulama leading the religious fundamentalists bn
Are closed, clique together	• Chinese youth do not mix with those from other races bo (trans.) • DAP, though a socialist party is only concern with fighting for the Chinese bp (trans.) • Currently, Chinese children go to Chinese schools, watch Chinese television shows, and socialise only with each other bq (trans.) • Dong Zong (United Chinese School Committees Association of Malaysia) was criticised for being racist in demanding that non-Chinese speaking teachers be removed from vernacular schools br • Because many things are politicised, even language is used as a race card rather than a national vision to unite the groupsbs (trans.)	• Race and other communal issues figured prominently as priorities among the Malays. 47 % said race and ethnicity issues would affect the way they votebt • Because many things are politicised, even language is used as a race card rather than a national vision to unite the groupsbu (trans.)
Are emotionally unresponsive
[ HN ] Emotions and treatment they elicit. They elicit	Emotions and treatment they elicit. Chinese elicit	Emotions and treatment they elicit. Malays elicit
Indifference toward them	• Dong Zong’s actions could be considered “chauvinistic” because they are only concerned with the Chinese without thinking of the larger national agenda for all races in Malaysia bv (trans.)

1. ^a“1Malaysia-20 months on”, The Star, Thursday, January 6, 2011
2. ^b“Kampung Baru redevelopment—an ambitious project”, The Star, Saturday, July 30, 2011
3. ^c“Kisah seorang budak Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, October 2, 2011
4. ^d“Penduduk kesal konsert anjuran kerajaan DAP Pulau Pinang”, Jamaluddin Hashim, Utusan Malaysia, November 13, 2012
5. ^e“Be civil even when angry”, The Star, March 29, 2012
6. ^f“Kerjasama Politik Elak Perpecahan”, Utusan Malaysia, Jun 25, 2012
7. ^g“Penghinaan Tony Pua perbuatan biadab”, Utusan Malaysia, October 10, 2012
8. ^h“Ketidakadilan kebebasan akhbar di Malaysia—Zainuddin Maidin”. Utusan Malaysia, August 4, 2012
9. ⁱ“Keluar pakatan jika tentang hudud”, Utusan Malaysia, September 18, 2012
10. ^j“Malaysia’s ‘Ali Baba’ entente under strain”, The Star, March 22, 2011
11. ^k“90 % pelanggan pusat judi Melayu” Utusan Malaysia, April 11, 2011
12. ^l“Hanya orang tidak beriman terlibat rasuah”, Utusan Malaysia, April 17, 2011
13. ^m“Party to strike back at the ‘bullies’,” The Star, Monday, October 3, 2011
14. ⁿDatuk Seri Najib Tun Razak on, “Saham bumiputera tinggal RM 2 billion” Utusan Malaysia, Mar 25, 2011,
15. ^o“UMNO 65 tahun dan perjuangan Melayu”, Utusan Malaysia, May 13, 2011
16. ^p“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, December 13, 2012
17. ^q“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, October 6, 2011
18. ^r“Sikap malas, suka berangan kekang usahawan bumiputera”, Utusan Malaysia, February 27, 2011
19. ^s“1Malaysia-20 months on”, The Star, Thursday, January 6, 2011
20. ^tMasyarakat Cina jangan terlalu meminta-minta, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 19, 2012
21. ^uDr. Mohd Ridhuan Tee, “Dimana agenda nasional?” Utusan Malaysia, Mei 1, 2011 http://blis2.bernama.com/getArticle.do?id=44289&tid=97&cid=3
22. ^v“Isu-isu Akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, February 23, 2011
23. ^w“1Malaysia-20 months on”, The Star, Thursday, January 6, 2011
24. ^x“Dr. M: UMNO not ready for polls”, The Star, Monday, October 3, 2011
25. ^y“Penduduk bantah bina jirat Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, October 9, 2011
26. ^z“Jangan salahkan bangsa lain”, Utusan Malaysia, Mac 24, 2011
27. ^aa“Starts of Lim’s Malay dilemma”, The Star, Sunday, August 14, 2011
28. ^ab“Perjuangan A. Samad Said” Utusan Malaysia Mei 28, 2011, http://blis2.bernama.com/getArticle.do?id=54221&tid=97&cid=3
29. ^ac“Kampung Baru one of my failures, admits Dr Mahathir”, The Star, Tuesday, January 11, 2011
30. ^ad“Tiada calon Melayu dipilih”, Utusan Malaysia, December 16, 2012
31. ^ae“Dr M and the new dilemma”, The Star, Friday, March 11, 2011
32. ^af“Kampung Baru redevelopment—an ambitious project”, The Star, Saturday, July 30, 2011
33. ^ag“Melayu dominan jika UMNO kuat”, Utusan Malaysia, September 22, 2012
34. ^ah“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, Ogos 9, 2012
35. ^ai“Waspada Serangan Psikologi DAP lemahkan Melayu” Utusan Malaysia, Mei 23, 2011
36. ^aj“Digniti Melayu Abad Ke-21”, Utusan Malaysia, February 16, 2011
37. ^ak“Kenyataan Guan Eng terus dikecam”, Utusan Malaysia, December 26, 2012
38. ^al“Ketidakadilan kebebasan akhbar di Malaysia-Zainuddin Maidin”. Utusan Malaysia, August 4, 2012
39. ^am“Penting persepsi Melayu kepada pendidikan Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, April 5, 2012
40. ^an“MCA needs your support, Adnan tells Chinese”, The Star, Thursday, January 13, 2011
41. ^ao“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”. Utusan Malaysia, Ogos 9, 2012
42. ^ap“MCA needs your support, Adnan tells Chinese”, The Star, Thursday, January 13, 2011
43. ^aq“Malays must change their freebie mindset, says Dr M”, The Star, October 13, 2011
44. ^ar“Bumiputera perlu bangkit kuasai ekonomi”, Utusan Malaysia, Februari 27, 2011,
45. ^as“Bertindak susun semula ekonomi Melayu” Utusan Malaysia, Mac 31, 2011
46. ^at“11.11.11—The hottest date to wed”, The Star, Monday, October 3, 2011
47. ^au“Johor Sultan is owner of number plate WWW 1”, The Star, Tuesday, May 29, 2012
48. ^av“Cinema ban unfair to Bangi folk, says MCA”, The Star, Friday, October 21, 2011
49. ^aw“A handicap we must overcome”, The Star, Sunday, March 13, 2011
50. ^ax“Akhbar-akhbar Cina tiup sentimen perkauman”, Utusan Malaysia, April 26, 2011
51. ^ay“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 6, 2011
52. ^az“A handicap we must overcome”, The Star, Sunday, March 13, 2011
53. ^ba“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, Disember 29^, 2011
54. ^bb“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, Ogos 9, 2011
55. ^bc“Factual gaps and biases”, The Star, Sunday, September 25, 2011
56. ^bd“Rasis dan kroni”, Utusan Malaysia, Januari 29, 2012
57. ^be“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 6, 2011
58. ^bf“Blurring race and religion”, The Star, Sunday, February 27, 2011
59. ^bg“DPM: All we need is UMNO”, The Star, Wednesday, November 30, 2011
60. ^bh“Jangan pandang mudah akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, Jun 20, 2012
61. ^bi“Find a way out of this deadlock”, The Star, Sunday, March 20, 2011
62. ^bj“DAP fielded Malays in all 10 GEs, says Kit Siang”, The Star, May 26, 2011
63. ^bk“Chua: No need to meet Nik Aziz”, The Star, April 11, 2011
64. ^bl“Melayu muak penghinaan DAP”, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 23, 2012
65. ^bm“DAP, rasis, Kuan Yew dan Anwar”, Utusan Malaysia, Disember 19, 2010
66. ^bn“For sure public advocacy is here to stay”, The Star, Tuesday, November 8, 2011
67. ^bo“Perpaduan antara jalan penyelesaian”, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 29, 2011
68. ^bp“Realiti Perkauman Politik DAP” Utusan Malaysia, Mei 3, 2011
69. ^bq“Perpaduan antara jalan penyelesaian”, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 29, 2011
70. ^br“Puad Zarkashi blasts ‘racist’ Dong Zong”, The Star, April 2, 2012
71. ^bs“Pasar bahasa dan sikap bangsa”, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 6, 2011
72. ^bt“Penang Malays want recognition”, The Star, Friday, November 18, 2011
73. ^bu“Pasar bahasa dan sikap bangsa”, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 6, 2011
74. ^bv“Cubaan timbulkan kebencian”, Utusan Malaysia, November 27, 2012

Appendix 2: Some Context for Selected Humanising Statements

Humanisation
[ UH ] How they are seen: They are…	[ UH ] How Chinese are seen: They are…	[ UH ] How Malays are seen: They are…
Equal to us	• “Chinese also sacrificed their lives during the Japanese occupation and Communist insurgency”, said Najib, adding that this must not be disputed and should be remembered a • Ismail Sabri believed that the Chinese language is an important asset in the cultural diversity heritage of Malaysia besides Bahasa Melayu. He also added that only when we understand the cultures of other races, can the bond of unity be fosteredb (trans.) • Not all Chinese are rich; some are poor with low income. They should also be helped on the principles of justice c
Civil (have a respectable culture)	• Chinese culture promotes and expects them to care for their descendents by engaging in economic activitiesd (trans.) • Taking good care of the welfare of their people e (trans.)
Refined
Moral	• We may be a Chinese-based party, but when it comes to helping others, we extend assistance to all races f • “MCA is always relevant. We continue to serve the community despite losing many seats in the last election”g • has continuously strived to contribute to students despite their different political beliefs h (trans.)	• Aid is channelled transparently, regardless of race, religion, and political background of the victimsi • As-Siddiq Association (Muslim charitable organisation) offered aid to poor Chinese (trans.)j
Mature	• A poem titled “United Malays” by Lim Swee Tin has fired participants’ passion at the Convention on New Economic Empowerment Models in Shah Alamk (trans.) • Not proper to charge that the Muslim call to prayer (azan) is harassing the non-Muslims as the religious festivals of the other races also are equally noisy l (trans.)	• Shared values should be highlighted instead of racial or religious differences. PM: “All religions teach us good. Yes, we have different beliefs but the values are universal like politeness, respect for elders, trust and diligence”m • Even the PM has publicly apologised to the people and promised to make changesn (trans.)
Open		• Willingness of Malays to vote for candidates who are not from their ethnic group o (trans.) • Non-Muslims, including politicians are welcomed into mosques, but they must have proper respect such as the dress codep (trans.)
Independent	• Chinese go into business because they do not have a choice and are compelled to do so to avoid from working under other people q (trans.)	• The current Malays in the twenty-first century are no longer dependent on government handouts, but are able to compete with the other races r (trans.)
[ UH ] What they have that is essentially human. They…	[ UH ] What Chinese have that is essentially human. They…	[ UH ] What Malays have that is essentially human. They…
Are intelligent or cognitively sophisticated (e.g. can be engaged, cultivated to accommodate the “other”)	• Besides academic knowledge in such fields as the sciences and mathematics, the community is also known for their quest of business and entrepreneurial knowledge s
Are rational (e.g. able to discuss differences of views, dissenting opinions openly)	• Fresh approaches in responding to the demands of a changing political landscape… likely to be the call of the MCA leadership todayt • Dr Koh Tsu Koon said that the gathering may get out of control, it was better to seek a peaceful solution via discourse with the panelu
Have language capabilities	• “Malaysia’s Chinese-speaking populace gives the country an advantage over other countries and we should leverage on this uniqueness”v • Foreign language proficiency is dominated by the Chinese. The school emerged as champion in the English debatew (trans.) • Malaysia is very fortunate because 24 % or seven million are ethnic Chinese who can speak Mandarin, Hokien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Fuchow, and various other Chinese dialects. Malaysia, he said, is the only country outside China with a Mandarin education systemx (trans.)	• “Today, more Malays speak Mandarin than ever before—part of transforming Malaysia to help give us the vital business edge in years to come”y
Have a religion	• The festival aimed to promote Buddhist core values through visual medium and to create greater awareness among the general public about the teachings of Buddhismz • The Leng Eng Tian Temple in Sungai Way, PJ celebrated the Nine Emperor Gods festival, an annual event where hundreds of Taoists and visitors alike thronged the quaint temple to pay respect to the gods aa	• PAS has been promoting hudud laws quietly in Opposition-led states like banning alcoholic drinks for Muslims, preventing non-Muslims from selling alcohol, banning Western concerts, forcing non-Muslim businessmen in Kedah to stop operations during Ramadanab • The Sultan also reminded Muslims and non-Muslims to maintain religious harmony in the countryac • Mahathir urged the Malay community to be united based on their Islamic faith ad • Making Islam as the foundation of the country using the wasatiyyah (moderation) approach ae (trans.) • But there is no compromise when it comes to the issue of their faith and practice af
[ UH ] Emotions and treatment they elicit. They elicit…	[ UH ] Emotions and treatment they elicit. Chinese elicit…	[ UH ] Emotions and treatment they elicit. Malays elicit…
Admiration (good example to follow)	• Chinese in the country are the ones who excel in basketball. Even in the US, where African Americans dominate, a Chinese stole the show (Yao Ming)ag • Chinese schools make immense contribution to the education in Malaysiaah • Najib said that the Malaysian Chinese community is well known for its diligence, hard work, thrifty, and today we need to add the values of selflessness ai (trans.) • Emulate the Chinese way of politicking. Despite the different names of the parties, their goals are still the similaraj	• Nik Nazmi is a product of the NEP’s success in creating a viable Malay middle-class. These are confident, public service-oriented young Malays who aren’t bound by the legacies of the past ak
[ HN ] How they are seen: They…	[ HN ] How Chinese are seen: They …	[ HN ] How Malays are seen: They…
Are close to us	• Chinese helped build the country, so they should be. allowed to develop their own language al (trans.)
Have human qualities: including warm; friendly; conforming, loyal; obedient; tolerant		• By nature, the Malay’s value system is one of tolerance and willingness to help, regardless of raceam (trans.)
Are active and efficacious (have agency)	• The contribution of the Chinese community in the economic sphere is very important to the overall development of the countryan (trans.)
Are cognitively open or flexible	• Dr Chua: “There’s nothing wrong in educating my own members. We don’t believe hudud will not affect the non-Muslims and we are holding this (forum) to educate them”ao • “You don’t look at the person’s colour or race but at his ability, which is what DAP has always believed in. The fact that a person is non-Chinese or Chinese or half-Chinese doesn’t matter”ap
Are emotionally responsive	• Large number of young Chinese feel strongly about being treated differently, especially in terms of race-based policies aq
[ HN ] Emotions and treatment they elicit. They elicit…	[ HN ] Emotions and treatment they elicit. Chinese elicit…	[ HN ] Emotions and treatment they elicit. Malays elicit…
Positive regard toward them	• Najib praises the community, thanking Chinese schools for contributing to education in Malaysiaar	• Malays do not question the rights of other races. We gave them citizenship rights, and we respect their rightsas (trans.)

1. ^a“Najib: Every race contributed to a successful Malaysia”, The Star, Sunday, January 23, 2011
2. ^b“Pentingnya penguasaan bahasa kedua”, Utusan Malaysia, September 14, 2011
3. ^c“UMNO terus bela semua kaum”, Utusan Malaysia, April 23, 2012
4. ^d“Berani Melangkau sempadan”, Utusan Malaysia, Mac 14, 2011
5. ^e“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, Ogos 9, 2012
6. ^f“Prosthetic arm gives fisherman renewed hope”, The Star, Friday, June 3, 2011
7. ^g“Liow slams Opposition”, The Star, Sunday, October 2, 2011
8. ^h“Bantuan tanpa mengira idealogy politik”, Utusan Malaysia, Januari 2, 2012
9. ⁱ“RM1.27mil paid to east coast flood victims”, The Star, Friday, December 16, 2011
10. ^j“As-Siddiq bantu keluarga nelayan miskin Cina” Utusan Malaysia, June 3, 2011
11. ^k“Puisi Bersatulah Melayu bakar semangat peserta”, Utusan Malaysia, Ogos 19, 2011
12. ^l“Festival agama lain pun bising—Soi Lek”, Utusan Malaysia, Januari 18, 2011
13. ^m“Observe mutual respect”, The Star, Thursday, December 15, 2011
14. ⁿ“UMNO dinamik dan tetap relevan”, Utusan Malaysia, Mei 13, 2012
15. ^o“UMNO mendakap demokrasi, bukan rasis”, Utusan Malaysia, Disember 2, 2011
16. ^p“Ahli politik perlu peka adab dan susila agama lain—Jamil Khir”, Utusan Malaysia, Januari 2, 2011
17. ^q“Isu-isu akhbar Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, Disember 29, 2011
18. ^r“Melayu abad ke-21”, Utusan Malaysia, Oktober 1, 2011
19. ^s“PM: Only Malaysia has national-type school system”, The Star, Saturday, March 26, 2011
20. ^t“MCA to adopt fresh approaches to meet new demands”, The Star, Sunday, October 2, 2011
21. ^u“Maintain racial and religious harmony, says Soi Lek”, The Star, October 18, 2011
22. ^v“Chua: Multi-lingualism can further boost economic growth”, The Star, Friday, November 4, 2011
23. ^w“SMK Damansara Jaya johan debat bahasa Inggeris”, Utusan Malaysia, Mei 30, 2011
24. ^x“Malaysia pilihan ahli perniagaan Cina”, Utusan Malaysia, November 13, 2012
25. ^y“Najib praises Chinese community’s role in improving education in Malaysia”, The Star, Sunday, September 25, 2011
26. ^z“Free screenings: Buddhist societies present third Wesak International Film Festival”, The Star, Friday, June 3, 2011
27. ^aa“Where the stars shine”, The Star, Thursday, Oktober 6, 2011
28. ^ab“Make your stand clear, Tee Yong tells DAP”, The Star, Tuesday, October 11, 2011
29. ^ac“Sultan orders Jais to counsel Muslims involved”, The Star, Tuesday, October 11, 2011
30. ^ad“Malays must change freebie mindset, says Dr M”, The Star, Thursday, October 13, 2011
31. ^ae“Wasatiyyah pendekatan terbaik”, Utusan Malaysia, June 30, 2011
32. ^af“Tweet and die”, The Star, September 30, 2012
33. ^ag“MPs, the ball is really in your court now”, The Star, Friday, November 18, 2011
34. ^ah“15 Chinese schools get RM15mil”, The Star, Sunday, September 25, 2011
35. ^aiDatuk Seri Najib, in, “Kaum Cina sumbang untuk kebaikan pendidikan negara”, Utusan Malaysia, September 25, 2011
36. ^aj“Jana transformasi minda, jiwa Melayu hadapi lautan perubahan zaman”, Utusan Malaysia, Disember 5, 2012
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