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Building and Coordinating a Multisectoral Response

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The AIDS Pandemic

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Abstract

In order to address the full scale of the AIDS pandemic, Jonathan Mann realized that the Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) had to partner more closely with other World Health Organization (WHO) technical programs and to engage more with WHO’s regional offices in providing support to national AIDS programs. In addition, GPA needed to collaborate more with United Nations organizations working in the social, cultural, economic and political sectors. One of the most important collaborations was the establishment of the WHO/United Nations Development Program Alliance to Combat AIDS. GPA also engaged with a broad range of non-governmental organizations, much more extensively than any previous WHO program. These included numerous AIDS Service Organizations and human rights groups. All the while, GPA went to great lengths—as exemplified with the January 1988 convening of the World Summit of Ministers of Health in London—to combat complacency toward the pandemic. These collaboration and advocacy efforts helped establish GPA as the preeminent institution in developing, coordinating, and directing the global AIDS response.

Within this chapter the singular pronouns I and my refer to Michael Merson alone, whereas the plural pronouns we and us generally refer to Michael Merson and Stephen Inrig jointly. Where we or us refers to Michael Merson and his colleagues at WHO, the object of the pronoun is clarified by context.

The original version of this chapter was revised to correct misspellings.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For the purposes of this text, we will use the term AIDS to encompass both AIDS and HIV unless otherwise specified.

  2. 2.

    Report of the Fifth Meeting of Participating Parties, Geneva, 27–28 April 1988. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, WHO/GPA/GEN/88.2, p. 2.

  3. 3.

    Report of the Fourth Meeting of Participating Parties, Geneva, 12–13 November 1987, WHO/SPA/Gen.87.5, 3.

  4. 4.

    Henceforth, in the text, Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) includes the periods the program was titled Control Programme on AIDS, (CPA), Special Programme on AIDS (SPA), and Global Programme on AIDS.

  5. 5.

    WHO Special Programme On AIDS, “Comprehensive Coordination Of Global And National AIDS Activities,” WHO DOC 4951F 30 September 1987, p. 4; see also, Global Programme on AIDS. “Guiding Objectives and Principles for the Comprehensive Coordination of Global and National AIDS Activities. Fifth Meeting of Participating Parties, Geneva, 27-28 April 1988, GPA/ER/88.2 Rev.1.

  6. 6.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 10; “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, A41/5, p. 13; Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989, WHO/GPA/DlR/89.4, p. 23.

  7. 7.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 10; “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, November 1988, p. 16; Global Programme on AIDS and Programme on STD, “Consensus Statement From Consultation on Sexually Transmitted Diseases as a Risk Factor for HIV Transmission, Geneva, 4–6 January 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989, WHO/GPA/INF/89.1, p. 1.

  8. 8.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 10; “WHO Consultation on HIV and Routine Childhood Immunization,” Geneva: World Health Organization, August 1987, WHO/SPA/GL0/87.3.

  9. 9.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Statement on Breast-Feeding/Breast Milk and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV),” World Health Organization, 1987, WHO/SPA/INF/87.8; Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989, WHO/GPA/DlR/89.4, p. 24.

  10. 10.

    “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, A41/5, p. 13.

  11. 11.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 11.

  12. 12.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, November 1988, EB83/26, p. 17.

  13. 13.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 11.

  14. 14.

    Special Programme on AIDS and Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, “Joint Statement: Contraceptive Methods and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV),” World Health Organization, 1987, WHO/SPA/INF/87.9.

  15. 15.

    Consensus Statement from consultation on AIDS and Sports, GPA, Geneva, January 16, 1989.

  16. 16.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Report of the Fifth Meeting of Participating Parties, Geneva, 27–28 April 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, WHO/GPA/GEN/88.2, p. 12.

  17. 17.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, pp. 24–26.

  18. 18.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, November 1988, EB83/26, p. 27.

  19. 19.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 1, April 1987, WHO Special Programme on AIDS, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.2,,24 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/164060/1/WHA40_Inf.Doc-4_eng.pdf

  20. 20.

    WHO Special Programme On AIDS, “Comprehensive Coordination Of Global And National AIDS Activities,” WHO DOC 4951F 30 September 1987, p. 3.

  21. 21.

    Elizabeth Fee and Manon Parry, “Jonathan Mann, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(1): 59–60.

  22. 22.

    James Chin The AIDS Pandemic: The Collision of Epidemiology with Political Correctness. Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing, Inc., 2007, 200.

  23. 23.

    Ibid.

  24. 24.

    Ibid.

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    Christer Jönsson, “From ‘Lead Agency’ to ‘Integrated Programming’: The Global Response to AIDS in the Third World,” Green Globe Yearbook 1996, p. 70.

  27. 27.

    Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3): 473.

  28. 28.

    Abigail Trafford and Susan Okie, “The Uphill Battle Against AIDS Worldwide,” The Washington Post, August 25, 1987, Z6.

  29. 29.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 1, APRIL 1987,” Geneva: WHO, 1987, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.2, p. 2.

  30. 30.

    Christer Jönsson, “From ‘Lead Agency’ to ‘Integrated Programming’: The Global Response to AIDS in the Third World,” Green Globe Yearbook, 1996, 66; Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/89.4, p. 18–19. The reader may find a full list of the other UN agencies at http://www.unsceb.org/directory#fp

  31. 31.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/89.4, p. 18–19.

  32. 32.

    Christer Jönsson, “From ‘Lead Agency’ to ‘Integrated Programming’: The Global Response to AIDS in the Third World,” Green Globe Yearbook, 1996, 66.

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    James Chin The AIDS Pandemic: The Collision of Epidemiology with Political Correctness. Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Publishing, Inc., 2007, 201.

  35. 35.

    Lawrence K. Altman, “AIDS’ Global Peril Is High On Agenda At Summit Meeting,” The New York Times, May 31, 1987, 1:1.

  36. 36.

    Christer Jönsson, “From ‘Lead Agency’ to ‘Integrated Programming’: The Global Response to AIDS in the Third World,” Green Globe Yearbook, 1996, 66; Leon Gordenker, “The World Health Organization: Sectoral Leader or Occasional Benefactor?” in Roger A. Coate, ed., US Policy and the Future of the United Nations (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1994, 179.

  37. 37.

    Fiona Godlee, “The World Health Organisation: WHO in crisis,” BMJ November 26 1994;309:1424–1428

  38. 38.

    Christer Jönsson, “From ‘Lead Agency’ to ‘Integrated Programming’: The Global Response to AIDS in the Third World,” Green Globe Yearbook, 1996, 66. Mike Merson interview. “WHO/UNDP Alliance to Combat AIDS: Policy Framework,” in A41/5, p. 49.

  39. 39.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2, November 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 11.

  40. 40.

    “WHO/UNDP Alliance to Combat AIDS: Policy Framework,” in A41/5, p. 49; “Co-operation against AIDS: Report of the Administrator” UNDP Special session, February 16–18 1988, DP/1988/I/Add.I. Item 2; World Health Organization, “Executive board, Eighty-first Session, Provisional Agenda Item 19: WHO/UNDP Alliance to Combat AIDS,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987, EB81/INF.Doc./3.

  41. 41.

    “Program Matters: Co-operation against AIDS, Addendum; DP/1988/1/Add.1” Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme, 16–18 February 1988, pp. 1–2.

  42. 42.

    “United Nations: WHO and UNDP form Alliance to Combat AIDS,” IPS Inter Press Service, March 30, 1988.

  43. 43.

    UNDP Governing Council, “Programme Matters: Co-operation against AIDS, Report of the Administrator,” Geneva, 1988, DP/1988/1/Add. 1, pp. 1–3.

  44. 44.

    Draper had previously served as President and Chairman of the Export–import Bank. “United Nations: WHO and UNDP form Alliance to Combat AIDS,” IPS Inter Press Service, March 30, 1988.

  45. 45.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/89.4, p. 19.

  46. 46.

    Governing Council of UNDP, “Special session: Co-operation with the World Health Organization and other agencies against AIDS; Summary Record of the 2nd Meeting, 17 February 1988,” Geneva: UNDP, 1988, DP/1988/SR.2, 8, 10, 11.

  47. 47.

    Ibid, p. 7.

  48. 48.

    Ibid., pp, 7–8, 10–11.

  49. 49.

    “United Nations: WHO and UNDP form Alliance to Combat AIDS,” IPS Inter Press Service, March 30, 1988.

  50. 50.

    WHO, “WHO Special Programme on AIDS, Report by the Director-General to the World Health Assembly, 27 March 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987, A40/5, p. 7.

  51. 51.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2, November 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 12.

  52. 52.

    “Africa: UNICEF Plans to Combat AIDS in Women and Children,” IPS-Inter Press Service, May 25, 1988.

  53. 53.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2, November 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 11; Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/89.4, p. 19.

  54. 54.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2, November 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 12; Jonathan Mann, “Trip Report for New York, Washington, Atlanta, 15–20 February 1988,” World Health Organization, A20/372/7, etc.

  55. 55.

    Thomas Land, “World Bank getting into fight against AIDS,” The Financial Post, August 26, 1988, 1:13, National Council for International Health, “Press Briefing on Global AIDS Issues,” Federal News Service, December 1, 1988; Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/89.4, p. 20.

  56. 56.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2, November 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 11; Jonathan Mann, “Trip Report for New York, Washington, Atlanta, 15–20 February 1988,” World Health Organization, A20/372/7; Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/89.4, p. 20.

  57. 57.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 2, November 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/SPA/GEN/87.4, p. 12; Global Programme on AIDS, “Progress Report Number 5, May 1989,” Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO/GPA/DIR/89.4, p. 21.

  58. 58.

    Barry B. Hughes, Continuity and Change in World Politics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991, 104, cited in Christer Jönsson, “From ‘Lead Agency’ to ‘Integrated Programming’: The Global Response to AIDS in the Third World,” p. 65.

  59. 59.

    For the purposes of this text, we use the term sexually transmitted disease(s) and the abbreviation STD rather than the other term sexually transmitted infection(s) or STIs.

  60. 60.

    Joe Decosas, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, October, 2001.

  61. 61.

    Robert Hogan, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, August, 2002.

  62. 62.

    Joe Decosas, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, October, 2001.

  63. 63.

    WHO GPA (1992), Report of the External Review of the World Health Organization Global Programme on AIDS , GPA/GMC (8)/92.4 (Geneva: WHO GPA, Jan.) P. 4.

  64. 64.

    Ibid.

  65. 65.

    Joe Decosas, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, October, 2001.

  66. 66.

    “Panel, Earmarks Foreign Aid for AIDS Fight,” The Associated Press, March 31, 1987; Halfdan Mahler, “Funding request letter to USAID, April 21, 1987.” HRM-B12/372/2; Robert Meehan, “Project Implementation Order, 5/27/87,”; Joyce E. Frame, “Grant No. DPE-5965-G-IC-6059-00, Global AIDS Prevention and Control Program, Amendment No. 1, June 25, 1987,” US AID; Barton Reppert, “U.S. Health Groups Seek To Restore WHO Funds,” The Associated Press, June 29, 1987; Celia Hooper, “[United States has sacrificed its leadership]” United Press International, April 18, 1988; “Zambia: Intensifies Action Against AIDS,” IPS-Inter Press Service, August 19, 1988; Jeffrey Harris, “Participation of AIDSCOM and AIDSTECH staff at Africa AIDS Donor Meetings,” Washington, DC: USAID, June 9, 1988, 1–2; National Council for International Health, “Press Briefing on Global AIDS Issues,” Federal News Service, December 1, 1988.

  67. 67.

    “Britain to donate 3.6 million sterling pounds for aids control in east Africa,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, March 12, 1988; Joan Breckenridge, “AIDS called a threat to health-care gains,” The Globe and Mail, April 1, 1987; “Canada contributes to WHO’s program on AIDS,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, April 15, 1987, Item No: 0415088; “Canada’s contribution to WHO,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, February 12, 1988, Item No: 0212073; “World Health Organization (WHO) Asks Japan to Support International AIDS Strategy,” Japan Economic Newswire, October 6, 1987.

  68. 68.

    The nations at the fourth meeting of Participating Parties was Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Rwanda, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Tanzania, the United States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Zaire, Zambia; cf. Special Programme on AlDS, “Report of the Fourth Meeting of Participating Parties, Geneva, 12–13 November 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987, WHO.SPA/GEN/87.5, pp. 14–17.

  69. 69.

    WHO Special Programme on AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, March 27, 1987, A40/5, p. 7; Special Programme on AIDS, “WHO Special Programme on AIDS, Provisional Agenda Item, 18.2; May 5, 1987,” World Health Organization, A4C/Inf.DOC./8; Special Programme on AIDS, “Third Meeting of Participating Parties for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Consensus Statement, Geneva, 27 and 28 April 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987, SPA/1NF/87.3, pp. 1–2.

  70. 70.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Third Meeting of the WHO Collaborating Centres on AIDS, Washington, D.C., 6 June 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organizationi, June 1987, WHO/SPA/RDV/87.1, p. 4.

  71. 71.

    Trip report of Jo Asvall, Regional Director, EURO, dated March 23 1988.

  72. 72.

    World Health Organization, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General, 22 November 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, Executive Board, 1988, 9–10.

  73. 73.

    World Health Organization, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General, A41/5, 21 March 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, 12; Richard Herzfelder, “Media Losing Interest in AIDS, Delegates Told,” The Associated Press, October 21, 1988.

  74. 74.

    Hiroshi Nakajima, Interview by Michael Merson, Poitiers, October 13, 2002.

  75. 75.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Report of the Meeting of the Global Programme on AIDS Management Committee, 7–9 November 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, GPA/GMC (1)/88.1, 3–4, 7.

  76. 76.

    Ibid, 38.

  77. 77.

    Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):466–469; Elizabeth Fee and Manon Parry, “Jonathan Mann, HIV/AIDS, and Human Rights,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(1): 63.

  78. 78.

    Special Programme on AIDS, “Meetings of Interested Parties for the Support of the National AIDS Prevention and Control Programmes,” Geneva: World Health Organization, SPA/NPS/9.10.87, 3; The initial list of non-governmental groups included: CARE, CARITAS, Catholic Fund for Overseas Development, Catholic Relief Service, Christian Medical Commission (CMC), International Council of Nurses, International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), International Union for Health Education, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, International Union against the Venereal Diseases and the Treponematoses, League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Lutheran World Federation, Save the Children Fund (UK), Save the Children Fund (USA), and the World Federation of Hemophilia. Foundations included: African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), American Foundation for AIDS Research, Ford Foundation, The Rockefeller Foundation, and Project Hope. Special Programme on AlDS, “Report of the Fourth Meeting of Participating Parties, Geneva, 12–13 November 1987,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987, WHO.SPA/GEN/87.5, pp. 18–20.

  79. 79.

    US Department of State, “WHO Global Program on AIDS Management Committee Meeting,” Geneva: US Mission Geneva, Nov. 8, 1988; Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):466–469; Jeff O’Malley, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, September, 2002.

  80. 80.

    World Health Organization, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General, EB83/26, 22 November 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, 8, 15; Opportunities for Solidarity, final report of the Montreal Meeting of NGOs involved in community AIDS service, Montreal 2–4 June 1989, p 6, cited in Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):466–7.

  81. 81.

    WHO/GPA, Memorandum from Terry Mooney to Jonathan Mann, 7 March 1988, cited in Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):466.

  82. 82.

    Opportunities for Solidarity, final report of the Montreal Meeting of NGOs involved in community AIDS service, Montreal 2–4 June 1989, p 6, cited in Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):467.

  83. 83.

    Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):466–469; Jeff O’Malley, Interview by Michael Merson, New Haven, CT, September, 2002.

  84. 84.

    Christer Jönsson and Peter Söderholm, “IGO-NGO relations and HIV/AIDS: innovation or stalemate?” Third World Quarterly, 1995, 16(3):467, and WHO/GPA, Memorandum from Terry Mooney to Jonathan Mann, 7 March 1988.

  85. 85.

    World Health Organization, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General, A41/5, 21 March 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, 12;World Health Organization, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General, EB83/26, 22 November 1988,” Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988, 8, 15.

  86. 86.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, November 1988, EB83/26, 3, 6; “Iran in Brief: Health Minister says AIDS cases discovered,” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, December 3, 1988.

  87. 87.

    “No AIDS vaccine for 5–10 years, says WHO,” Herald, December 1, 1988; “WHO official stresses need for AIDS education,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, December 1, 1988.

  88. 88.

    “WHO official stresses need for AIDS education,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, December 1, 1988.

  89. 89.

    Ibid.

  90. 90.

    Brenda Watson, “World Health Group Lowers Worldwide AIDS Projection,” The Associated Press, November 29, 1988.

  91. 91.

    “WHO official stresses need for AIDS education,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, December 1, 1988.

  92. 92.

    Brenda Watson, “World Health Group Lowers Worldwide AIDS Projection,” The Associated Press, November 29, 1988.

  93. 93.

    Essma ben Hamida, “Heath: World Uniting To Fight AIDS,” IPS-Inter Press Service, November 29, 1988.

  94. 94.

    UNDP, “Co-operation With The World Health Organization and Other Agencies Against AIDS (DP/1988/I and Add.l and DP/1988/PROJECTS/REC/27 and DP/1988/PROJECTS/REC/28),” Geneva: United Nations Development Program, DP/1988/SR.2, 3–4; Global Programme on AIDS, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, November 1988, EB83/26, 3, 6.

  95. 95.

    UNDP, “Co-operation With The World Health Organization and Other Agencies Against AIDS (DP/1988/I and Add.l and DP/1988/PROJECTS/REC/27 and DP/1988/PROJECTS/REC/28),” Geneva: United Nations Development Program, DP/1988/SR.2, 3–4.

  96. 96.

    Global Programme on AIDS, “Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of AIDS: Report by the Director-General,” Geneva: World Health Organization, November 1988, EB83/26, 3, 6; UNDP, “Co-operation With The World Health Organization and Other Agencies Against AIDS (DP/1988/I and Add.l and DP/1988/PROJECTS/REC/27 and DP/1988/PROJECTS/REC/28),” Geneva: United Nations Development Program, DP/1988/SR.2, 3–4.

  97. 97.

    Essma ben Hamida, “Heath: World Uniting To Fight AIDS,” IPS-Inter Press Service, November 29, 1988.

  98. 98.

    Ibid.

  99. 99.

    “WHO official stresses need for AIDS education,” The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, December 1, 1988.

  100. 100.

    Essma ben Hamida, “Heath: World Uniting To Fight AIDS,” IPS-Inter Press Service, November 29, 1988

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Michael Merson (Wolfgang Joklik Professor of Global Health)

  2. Mount Saint Mary’s University, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Stephen Inrig (Director, Health Policy and Management Program)

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Merson, M., Inrig, S. (2018). Building and Coordinating a Multisectoral Response. In: The AIDS Pandemic. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47133-4_5

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