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Lake Cadagno: Microbial Life in Crenogenic Meromixis

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Ecology of Meromictic Lakes

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 228))

Abstract

Lake Cadagno (26 ha) is a crenogenic meromictic lake located in the Swiss Alps at 1921 m asl with a maximum depth of 21 m. The presence of crystalline rocks and a dolomite vein rich in gypsum in the catchment area makes the lake a typical “sulphuretum ” dominated by coupled carbon and sulphur cycles. The chemocline lies at about 12 m depth, stabilized by density differences of salt-rich water supplied by sub-aquatic springs to the monimolimnion and of electrolyte-poor surface water feeding the mixolimnion. Steep sulphide and light gradients in the chemocline support the growth of a large bacterial plume (up to 107 cells ml−1) dominated by green sulphur bacteria (GSB) of the genus Chlorobium and purple sulphur bacteria (PSB) of the Chromatiaceae family. Since the early Holocene (10.5–8 cal kyr BP), PSB and GSB are showing long-term alternation in abundance and relative dominance. Key species are Chlorobium clathratiforme , Thiocystis chemoclinalis , Thiocystis cadagnonensis , Candidatus “ Thiodictyon syntrophicum ” and Chromatium okenii ; the latter represents only 0.3 % of the total cell number but due to its big size and high activity can contribute up to 70 % of the total carbon uptake in the chemocline. Small-celled PSB together with the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfocapsa thiozymogenes sp. form stable aggregates in the lake, which represent small microenvironments with an internal sulphur cycle. Eukaryotic primary producers in the anoxic zones are dominated by Cryptomonas phaseolus , whereas eukaryotic heterotrophs are represented by ciliates and choanoflagellates, but a clade of heteroloboseans and two novel clades distantly related to opisthokonts and Cercozoa are also present. Zooplankton and fish abundance in the mixolimnion of this model ecosystem are linked via food web to the chemocline microbial plume, consequently anaerobic primary production supports relative high fish productivity in the lake.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Prof. R. Peduzzi and the Alpine Biology Foundation, Piora, for the cooperation and support. We also would like to thank K. Habicht, D. Canfield, C. Schubert, X. Perret, J. Zopfi, M. Bueche, J. A. Wuest, A. Bruder, T. Sommer, M. Kuypers and M. Saad for their collaboration and contributions to specific projects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Via Mirasole 22a, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland

    Mauro Tonolla, Nicola Storelli, Francesco Danza & Damiana Ravasi

  2. Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland

    Mauro Tonolla & Francesco Danza

  3. Alpine Biology Center Foundation, Via Mirasole 22a, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland

    Mauro Tonolla & Sandro Peduzzi

  4. Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Forel Institute, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland

    Sandro Peduzzi

  5. Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark

    Nicole R. Posth & Raymond P. Cox

  6. Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark

    Mårten F. Jørgensen, Lea H. Gregersen, Niels Daugbjerg & Niels-Ulrik Frigaard

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  1. Mauro Tonolla
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Correspondence to Mauro Tonolla .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Ramesh D. Gulati

  2. SB RAS Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

    Egor S. Zadereev

  3. SB RAS Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

    Andrei G. Degermendzhi

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Tonolla, M. et al. (2017). Lake Cadagno: Microbial Life in Crenogenic Meromixis. In: Gulati, R., Zadereev, E., Degermendzhi, A. (eds) Ecology of Meromictic Lakes. Ecological Studies, vol 228. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49143-1_7

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