Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The First Gas Directive Process

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
European Union Policy-Making

Part of the book series: International Series on Public Policy ((ISPP))

  • 538 Accesses

Abstract

Herweg applies the modified multiple streams framework to the natural gas directive process, which took place between 1985 and 1998. Guided by the hypotheses derived in Chap. 2, she analyzes how the draft directive gained agenda status and how decision coupling resulted in policy change. Regarding agenda change, the prospects were poor initially because the problem stream had not been ripe when the agenda window opened. Herweg documents which changes had kept the agenda window open and made the problem stream ripe. It needed two decision windows in order to pass the draft directive. The first window closed because of a deadlock, and the second one opened due to a spillover from the electricity directive process, which was negotiated in parallel.

This chapter draws on Herweg (2015), which is a compressed analysis of the first gas directive process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • 90/377/EC. Directive of 29 June 1990 Concerning a Community Procedure to Improve the Transparency of Gas and Electricity Prices Charged to Industrial End-users.

    Google Scholar 

  • 91/296/EEC. Directive of 31 May 1991 on Transit of Natural Gas Through Grids.

    Google Scholar 

  • 91/619/EEC. Decision of 2 October 1991 Declaring the Incompatability with the Common Market of a Concentration: Case No IV/M.053 - Aerospatiale-Alenia/de Havilland.

    Google Scholar 

  • 94/22/EEC. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on the Conditions for Granting and Using Authorizations for the Prospection, Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbons.

    Google Scholar 

  • 96/92/EC. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity.

    Google Scholar 

  • 98/30/EC. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackrill, Robert, and Adrian Kay. 2011. Multiple Streams in EU Policy-Making: The Case of the 2005 Sugar Reform. Journal of European Public Policy 18(1): 72–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ackrill, Robert, Adrian Kay, and Nikolaos Zahariadis. 2013. Ambiguity, Multiple Streams, and EU Policy. Journal of European Public Policy 20(6): 871–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, Svein S. 1993. Towards a Common EC Energy Policy. In Making Policy in Europe: The Europeification of National Policy-Making, ed. Svein S. Andersen and Kjell A. Eliassen, 133–154. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, Mark, and David E. M. Sappington. 2006. Regulation, competition, and liberalization. Journal of Economic Literature XLIV: 325–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartle, Ian. 2005. Globalisation and EU Policy-Making: The Neo-Liberal Transformation of Telecommunications and Electricity. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biesenbender, Sophie. 2015. The EU’s Energy Policy Agenda: Directions and Developments. In Tosun, Biesenbender, and Schulze 2015: 21–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, Alexander J. 1993. Direct Sales of Gas in the European Community. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law 1(1): article 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, Peter D. 2002. Competition in Energy Markets: Law and Regulation in the European Union. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Competition in Energy Markets: Law and Regulation in the European Union. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cini, Michelle, and McGowan Lee. 2009. Competition Policy in the European Union. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Correljé, Aad, Martijn Groenleer, and Jasper Veldman. 2013. Understanding Institutional Change: The Development of Institutions for the Regulation of Natural Gas Transportation Systems in the US and the EU. EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2013/07, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of the European Communities. 1987. Council Conclusions Energy: 1171th Council Meeting, 2 June 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988. Council Conclusions Energy: 1246th Council Meeting, 9 June 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1989a. Council Conclusions Energy: 1317th Council Meeting, 11 May 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1989b. Council Conclusions Energy: 1356th Council Meeting, 30 October 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990a. Council Conclusions Energy: 1404th Council Meeting, 21 May 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990b. Council Conclusions Energy: 1435th Council Meeting, 29 October 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1991a. Council Conclusions Energy: 1491th Council Meeting, 31 May 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1991b. Council Conclusions Energy: 1526th Council Meeting, 29 October 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1992a. Council Conclusions Energy: 1580th Council Meeting, 21 May 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1992b. Council Conclusions Energy: 1625th Council Meeting, 30 November 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1993. Council Conclusions Energy: 1675th Council Meeting, 25 June 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of the European Union. 1996. Council Conclusions Energy: 1975th Council Meeting, 3 December 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1997a. Council Conclusions Energy: 2009th Council Meeting, 27 May 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1997b. Council Conclusions Energy: 2035th Council Meeting, 27 October 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1997c. Council Conclusions Energy: 2058th Council Meeting, 8 December 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daintith, Terence, and Leigh Hancher. 1986. Energy Strategy in Europe: The Legal Framework. Berlin: Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eikeland, Per O. 2004. The Long and Winding Road to the Internal Energy Market: Consistencies and Inconsistencies in EU Policy. FNI Report 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eising, Rainer. 2000. Liberalisierung und Europäisierung: Die regulative Reform der Elektrizitätsversorgung in Grossbritannien, der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. 1968. First Guidelines for a Community Energy Policy. COM(68)1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1972. Necessary Progress in community Energy Policy. Communication from the Commission to the Council: COM(72)1200 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1973. Guidelines and Priority Actions Under the Community Energy Policy. Communication from the Commission to the Council presented on 27 April 1973: SEC(73)1481.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1974a. Community Energy Policy. Objectives for 1985: COM(74)1960 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1974b. Towards a New Energy Policy Strategy for the European Community: COM(74)550 final/2.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1976a. Community Energy Policy: COM(76)508 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1976b. Implementation of the Energy Policy Guidelines Drawn up by the European Council at its Meeting in Rome on 1 and 2 December 1975: COM(76)20.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1978. Energy Objectives for 1990 and Programmes of the Member States: COM(78)613 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1981. The Development of an Energy Strategy for the Community: COM(81)540 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1985. Completing the Internal Market. COM(85)310 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988a. Europe 1992. The Overall Challenge: SEC(88)524 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988b. The Internal Energy Market. Commission Working Document: COM(88)238 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1989. Towards Completion of the Internal Market for Natural Gas. Communication from the Commission and Proposal for a Council Directive on the Transit of Natural Gas Through the Major Systems: COM(89)334 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990a. Nineteenth Report on Competition Policy. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990b. The Internal Energy Market. First Progress Report: COM(90)124 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1991a. Reports of the Consultative Committees on Third Party Access to Natural Gas Networks. Brussels: European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1991b. XXth Report on Competition Policy. Luxembourg: European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1992a. 21st Report on Competition Policy 1991. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1992b. Proposal for a Council Directive Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity. Proposal for a Council Directive Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas. COM(91)548 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1993a. Amended Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity. Amended Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas: COM(93)643 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1993b. List of Proposals Pending Before the Council on 31 October 1993 for Which Entry into Force of the Treaty on European Union Will Require a Change in the Legal Base and/or a Change in Procedure: COM(93)570 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1993c. Second Progress Report on the Internal Energy Market: COM(93)261 Final.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1993d. XXIInd Report on Competition Policy 1992. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1995. XXIVth Report on Competition Policy. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Council. 1985. Conclusions of the Presidency: 29–30 March 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1986a. Conclusions of the Presidency: 26–27 June 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1986b. Conclusions of the Presidency. 06 December 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1987. Conclusions of the Presidency: 29–30 June 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988a. Conclusions of the Presidency: 2–3 December 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1988b. Conclusions of the Presidency: 27–28 June 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1989. Conclusions of the Presidency: 8–9 December 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990a. Conclusions of the Presidency: 14–15 December 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990b. Conclusions of the Presidency: 24–25 June 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1992. Conclusions of the Presidency: 26–27 June 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament. 1989. Energy and the Internal Market 1992. Public Hearing. Brussels, 22 and 23 November 1988. Luxembourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finon, Dominique, and John Surrey. 1996. The Future of EU Energy Policy. In McGowan 1996a:165–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fligstein, Neil. 2001. Institutional Entrepreneurs and Cultural Frames: The Case of the European Union’s Single Market Program. European Societies 3(3): 261–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, Anton M.-Z. 2010. Regulating Gas Liberalization: A Comparative Study on Unbundling and Open Access Regimes in the US, Europe, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Alphen Aan Den Rijn: Kluwer Law International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunwald, Jürgen. 2003. Das Energierecht der Europäischen Gemeinschaften: EGKS-EURATOM-EG; Grundlagen—Geschichte—geltende Regelungen. Berlin: De Gruyter Recht.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hancher, Leigh. 1990. A Single European Energy Market: Rhetoric or Reality? Energy Law Journal 11(2): 217–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helm, Dieter. 2005. The Assessment: The New Energy Paradigm. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21(1): 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Héritier, Adrienne, Christoph Knill, and Susanne Mingers. 1996. Ringing the Changes in Europe. Regulatory Competition and the Transformation of the State: Britain, France, Germany. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herweg, Nicole. 2015. Against all Odds. The Liberalisation of the European Natural Gas Market: A Multiple Streams Perspective. In Tosun, Biesenbender, and Schulze 2015: 87–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herweg, Nicole, Christian Huß, and Reimut Zohlnhöfer. 2015. Straightening the Three Streams: Theorizing Extensions of the Multiple Streams Framework. European Journal of Political Research 54(3): 435–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jabko, Nicolas. 2006. Playing the Market: A Political Strategy for Uniting Europe, 1985–2005. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jegen, Maya, and Frédéric Mérand. 2013. Constructive Ambiguity: Comparing the EU’s Energy and Defence Policies. West European Politics 37(1): 182–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Bryan D., and Frank R. Baumgartner. 2004. Representation and Agenda Setting. Policy Studies Journal 32(1): 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingdon, John W. 1984. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2003. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd ed. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, Paul K. 1994. Energy Policies of the European Union. London: EC Inform.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maltby, Tomas. 2013. European Union Energy Policy Integration: A Case of European Commission Policy Entrepreneurship and Increasing Supranationalism. Energy Policy 55(100): 435–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matláry, Janne H. 1997. Energy Policy in the European Union. London: MacMillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan, Francis. 1989. The Single Energy Market and Energy Policy: Conflicting Agendas? Energy Policy 17(6): 547–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, eds. 1996a. European Energy Policies in a Changing Environment. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, eds. 1996b. Ideology and Expediency in British Energy Policy. In McGowan 1996a: 130–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, eds. 2011. Putting Energy Insecurity into Historical Context: European Responses to the Energy Crises of the 1970s and 2000s. Geopolitics 16(3): 486–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mestmäcker, Ernst J., eds. 1993. Natural Gas in the Internal Market: A Review of Energy Policy. London: Graham & Trotman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moravcsik, Andrew. 1991. Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community. International Organization 45(4): 19–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nylander, Johan. 2000. The Power of Framing: A New-Institutional Approach to Interest Group Participation in the European Union. Uppsala: Uppsala University.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2001. The Construction of a Market. A Frame Analysis of the Liberalization of the Electricity Market in the European Union. European Societies 3(3): 289–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padgett, Stephen. 1992. The Single European Energy Market: The Politics of Realization. Journal of Common Market Studies XXX(1): 53–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2003. Between Synthesis and Emulation: EU Policy Transfer in the Power Sector. Journal of European Public Policy 10(2): 227–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palinkas, Peter. 1989. The EC on the Way to an Internal Energy Market. Intereconomics 24(5): 246–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, Mark A. 2000. The End of Creeping Competence? EU Policy-Making Since Maastricht. Journal of Common Market Studies 38(3): 519–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollak, Johannes, Samuel Schubert, and Peter Slominski. 2008. Die Energiepolitik der EU. Wien: UTB.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter, John R. 1994. “Third Party Access to Gas and Electricity Transmission Systems in the Community. Third party Access—Your Flexible Friend?” In European Community Energy law: Selected Topics, edited by David S. Mac Dougall and Thomas W. Waelde, 85–98. London: Graham & Trotman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharpf, Fritz W. 1996. Negative and Positive Integration in the Political Economy of European Welfare States. In Governance in the European Union, 1st ed., ed. Gary Marks, Fritz W. Scharpf, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Wolfgang Streeck, 15–39. London: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, Susanne K. 1998. Liberalisierung in Europa: Die Rolle der Europäischen Kommission. Frankfurt: Campus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smeers, Yves. 1993. Aims and Means of European Energy Policy in the Light of the Completion of the Internal Market. In Mestmäcker 1993: 19–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, Jonathan P. 1992. Third Party Access in European Gas Industries: Regulation-Driven or Market-Led? London: Royal institute of international affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1993. The Prospects for Third Party Access in European Gas Markets. In Mestmäcker 1993: 183–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998. Competition and Liberalization in European Gas Markets: A Diversity of Models. London: Royal institute of international affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surrey, John. 1990. Beyond 1992—The Single Market and EC Energy Issues. Energy Policy 18(1): 42–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talus, Kim. 2013. EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tosun, Jale, Sophie Biesenbender, and Kai Schulze, eds. 2015. Energy Policy Making in the EU: Building the Agenda. London: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wälde, Thomas W., eds. 1996. The Energy Charter Treaty: An East-West Gateway for Investment and Trade. International Energy and Resources Law and Policy Series. London: Kluwer Law International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahariadis, Nikolaos. 2003. Political Decision Making in Modern Democracies. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Ambiguity and Multiple Streams. In Theories of the Policy Process, 3rd ed., ed. Paul A. Sabatier and Christopher M. Weible, 25–58. New York: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Political Science, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Nicole Herweg

Authors
  1. Nicole Herweg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Herweg, N. (2017). The First Gas Directive Process. In: European Union Policy-Making. International Series on Public Policy . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49400-5_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation