Abstract
Thermodynamics is introduced as a quantitative method of characterizing the changes of state of systems. The topic is subdivided in three categories. Problems dealing with thermal state variables and equations of state are found in Sect. 3.2, along with a compact summary of essential theory. Problems focusing on the caloric state variables are discussed in Sect. 3.3, again preceded by a summary of basic concepts. Finally, a set of problems dealing with heterogeneous systems, phase transitions, and mixtures is presented in Sect. 3.4.
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Notes
- 1.
The condition of the inflection point to have vanishing first and second derivatives of the function p(v) yields the relations between the van der Waals parameters a and b on the one hand, and the critical data p c , T c , and v c on the other hand.
- 2.
Because there is always an equation of state that relates p, T, and V, it does not make sense to assume U to be a function of all thermal state variables.
- 3.
For the use of lower letters for molar quantities, see Sect. 3.1.
- 4.
Thermodynamic equilibrium between two systems involves thermal, mechanical, and also chemical equilibrium.
- 5.
For a rather elementary analysis of the mixing of gases based on statistics, see Problem 8.2.
- 6.
A simple model of diffusion is treated in Problem 8.3.
- 7.
Note that we cannot use Poisson’s equation here, because the latter assumes a reversible adiabatic change of state.
- 8.
See the definition of the enthalpy of formation in Sect. 4.1.1 at page 71.
- 9.
The other colligative properties are the elevation of the boiling point, the depression of the freezing point, and osmotic pressure.
References
Frenkel M, Marsh KN (eds) (2003) Virial coefficients of pure gases and mixtures. Landolt-Börnstein, New Series, Group IV, vol 21. Springer, Heidelberg
Friedman AS, White D (1950) J Am Chem Soc 72:3931–3932
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Vogt, J. (2017). Changes of State. In: Exam Survival Guide: Physical Chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49810-2_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49810-2_3
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