Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Active Metamaterials

Abstract

The primary purpose of this text is to provide analytic and experimental methods to design planar metamaterial based wave modulators for terahertz frequencies, especially for communication and imaging applications. This chapter provides the motivation for the reader by answering two basic questions: why terahertz frequencies and why design metamaterials for that frequency regime.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Some define THz to be the submillimeter-wave energy that fills the wavelength range between 1 and 0.1 mm (300 GHz–3 THz) [1].

  2. 2.

    Original Russian version was published in 1967.

References

  1. P. Siegel, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 50 (3), 910 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. G.P. Williams, Rep. Prog. Phys. 69 (2), 301 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. H. Tao, W. Padilla, X. Zhang, R. Averitt, IEEE J. Selected Topics Quantum Electron. 17 (1), 92 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Tonouchi, Nat. Photonics 1 (2), 97 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. J.M. Chamberlain, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 362 (1815), 199 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Maestrini, J. Ward, J. Gill, H. Javadi, E. Schlecht, G. Chattopadhyay, F. Maiwald, N.R. Erickson, I. Mehdi, IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 14 (6), 253 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. D. Mittleman, Sensing with Terahertz Radiation (Springer, Berlin, 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  8. W.S. Holland, J.S. Greaves, B. Zuckerman, R.A. Webb, C. McCarthy, I.M. Coulson, D.M. Walther, W.R.F. Dent, W.K. Gear, I. Robson, Nature 392 (6678), 788 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. N.C. Luhmann Jr., W.A. Peebles, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55 (3), 279 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. M.V. Exter, C. Fattinger, D. Grischkowsky, Optics Lett. 14 (20), 1128 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M. van Exter, D.R. Grischkowsky, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 38 (11), 1684 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. R.A. Kaindl, M.A. Carnahan, J. Orenstein, D.S. Chemla, H.M. Christen, H.Y. Zhai, M. Paranthaman, D.H. Lowndes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2), 027003 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. A.G. Markelz, A. Roitberg, E.J. Heilweil, Chem. Phys. Lett. 320 (12), 42 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S.P. Mickan, A. Menikh, H. Liu, C.A. Mannella, R. MacColl, D. Abbott, J. Munch, X.C. Zhang, Phys. Med. Biol. 47 (21), 3789 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. D.M. Mittleman, M. Gupta, R. Neelamani, R.G. Baraniuk, J.V. Rudd, M. Koch, Appl. Phys. B 68 (6), 1085 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. W.L. Chan, J. Deibel, D.M. Mittleman, Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 (8), 1325 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, C. Zhang, K.I. Lin, J.S. Hwang, J. Xu, X.C. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (5), 054105 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. K. Kawase, Y. Ogawa, Y. Watanabe, H. Inoue, Opt. Express 11 (20), 2549 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. T.M. Korter, D.F. Plusquellic, Chem. Phys. Lett. 385 (12), 45 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. R.M. Woodward, V.P. Wallace, R.J. Pye, B.E. Cole, D.D. Arnone, E.H. Linfield, M. Pepper, J. Invest. Dermatol. 120 (1), 72 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Ferguson, X.C. Zhang, Nat. Mater. 1 (1), 26 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. P.Y. Han, G.C. Cho, X.C. Zhang, Opt. Lett. 25 (4), 242 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. T. Kleine-Ostmann, T. Nagatsuma, J. Infrared Millimeter Terahertz Waves 32 (2), 143 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Piesiewicz, T. Kleine-Ostmann, N. Krumbholz, D. Mittleman, M. Koch, J. Schoebel, T. Kurner, IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag, 49 (6), 24 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. J. Federici, L. Moeller, J. Appl. Phys. 107 (11), 111101 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. T. Nagatsuma, H.J. Song, Y. Fujimoto, K. Miyake, A. Hirata, K. Ajito, A. Wakatsuki, T. Furuta, N. Kukutsu, Y. Kado, in Technical Digest of IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  27. H.A. Gebbie, N.W.B. Stone, F.D. Findlay, Nature 202, 685 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. T.S. Hartwick, D.T. Hodges, D.H. Barker, F.B. Foote, Appl. Opt. 15 (8), 1919 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. D.H. Auston, A.M. Glass, P. LeFur, Appl. Phys. Lett. 23 (1), 47 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. D.H. Auston, K.P. Cheung, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2 (4), 606 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. A.P. DeFonzo, M. Jarwala, C. Lutz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 50 (17), 1155 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. P.R. Smith, D.H. Auston, M.C. Nuss, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24 (2), 255 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. C. Fattinger, D. Grischkowsky, Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 (6), 490 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. D. Grischkowsky, S. Keiding, M.V. Exter, C. Fattinger, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7 (10), 2006 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. B.B. Hu, M.C. Nuss, Opt. Lett. 20 (16), 1716 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. D.M. Mittleman, S. Hunsche, L. Boivin, M.C. Nuss, Opt. Lett. 22 (12), 904 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. K. McClatchey, M.T. Reiten, R.A. Cheville, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (27), 4485 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. T.D. Dorney, J.L. Johnson, J.V. Rudd, R.G. Baraniuk, W.W. Symes, D.M. Mittleman, Opt. Lett. 26 (19), 1513 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. B. Ferguson, S. Wang, D. Gray, D. Abbot, X.C. Zhang, Opt. Lett. 27 (15), 1312 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. A.W. Lee, Q. Hu, Opt. Lett. 30 (19), 2563 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Q. Wu, T.D. Hewitt, X.C. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 (8), 1026 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Helm, E. Colas, P. England, F. DeRosa, S.J. Allen Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett. 53 (18), 1714 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson, A.Y. Cho, Science 264 (5158), 553 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. R. Khler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H.E. Beere, E.H. Linfield, A.G. Davies, D.A. Ritchie, R.C. Iotti, F. Rossi, Nature 417 (6885), 156 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. A.W.M. Lee, Q. Qin, S. Kumar, B.S. Williams, Q. Hu, J.L. Reno, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (14), 141125 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. S. Fathololoumi, E. Dupont, C.W.I. Chan, Z.R. Wasilewski, S.R. Laframboise, D. Ban, A. Mtys, C. Jirauschek, Q. Hu, H.C. Liu, Opt. Express 20 (4), 3866 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. L. Li, L. Chen, J. Zhu, J. Freeman, P. Dean, A. Valavanis, A.G. Davies, E.H. Linfield, Electron. Lett. 50 (4), 309 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. T. Phillips, J. Keene, Proc. IEEE 80 (11), 1662 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. J. Darmo, V. Tamosiunas, G. Fasching, J. Krll, K. Unterrainer, M. Beck, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, C. Kremser, P. Debbage, Opt. Express 12 (9), 1879 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. S.M. Kim, F. Hatami, J.S. Harris, A.W. Kurian, J. Ford, D. King, G. Scalari, M. Giovannini, N. Hoyler, J. Faist, G. Harris, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (15), 153903 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. S. Barbieri, J. Alton, C. Baker, T. Lo, H.E. Beere, D. Ritchie, Opt. Express 13 (17), 6497 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. K.L. Nguyen, M.L. Johns, L.F. Gladden, C.H. Worrall, P. Alexander, H.E. Beere, M. Pepper, D.A. Ritchie, J. Alton, S. Barbieri, E.H. Linfield, Opt. Express 14 (6), 2123 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. H.A. Gebbie, in Proceedings Symposium on Submillimeter Waves (Polytechnic Press of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, 1970)

    Google Scholar 

  54. A. Hirata, T. Kosugi, H. Takahashi, R. Yamaguchi, F. Nakajima, T. Furuta, H. Ito, H. Sugahara, Y. Sato, T. Nagatsuma, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn. 54 (5), 1937 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. A. Hirata, H. Takahashi, R. Yamaguchi, T. Kosugi, K. Murata, T. Nagatsuma, N. Kukutsu, Y. Kado, J. Lightwave Technol. 26 (15), 2338 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. T. Kosugi et al., 120-GHz Tx/Rx waveguide modules for 10-Gbit/s wireless link system, in The Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium (CSIC) (IEEE, 2006), pp. 25–28

    Google Scholar 

  57. N. Engheta, R.W. Ziolkowski, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations (Wiley, New York, 2006)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  58. J.C. Bose, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 63, 146 (1898)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. I.V. Lindell, A.H. Sihvola, J. Kurkijarvi, IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 34 (3), 24 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. L. Mandlshtam, Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoii Teoreticheskoi fiziki 15, 476 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  61. W.E. Kock, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27 (1), 58 (1948)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. G.D. Malyuzhinets, Zhurnal technicheskoi fiziki 21 (8), 940 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  63. D.V. Sivukhin, Opt. Spektrosk 3 (308–331), 2 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  64. S.A. Tretyakov, in Negative Refraction: Revisiting Electromagnetics from Microwave to Optics, EPFL Latsis Symposium, Lausanne (2005), pp. 30–35

    Google Scholar 

  65. V. Veselago, Soviet Phys. Uspekh 10 (4), 509 (1968)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. J.B. Pendry, A.J. Holden, W.J. Stewart, I. Youngs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (25), 4773 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. D. Smith, D. Vier, W. Padilla, S. Nemat-Nasser, S. Schultz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (10), 1425 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, D.C. Vier, S.C. Nemat-Nasser, S. Schultz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (18), 4184 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. D.R. Smith, J.B. Pendry, M.C.K. Wiltshire, Science 305 (5685), 788 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. J. Pendry, Nature 460 (7255), 579 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. J. Pendry, Nat. Mater. 5 (8), 599 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. W.J. Padilla, D.N. Basov, D.R. Smith, Mater. Today 9 (7–8), 28 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. V.M. Shalaev, Nat. Photonics 1 (1), 41 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  74. K. Aydin, I. Bulu, E. Ozbay, Opt. Express 13 (22), 8753 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. J.B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (18), 3966 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, X. Zhang, Science 308 (5721), 534 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. X. Zhang, Z. Liu, Nat. Mat. 7 (6), 435 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. N.I. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J.J. Mock, D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (20), 207402 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. H. Tao, N.I. Landy, C.M. Bingham, X. Zhang, R.D. Averitt, W.J. Padilla, Opt. Express 16 (10), 7181 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. J.B. Pendry, D. Schurig, D.R. Smith, Science 312 (5781), 1780 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  81. B. Kant, D. Germain, A. de Lustrac, Phys. Rev. B 80 (20), 201104 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. H. Tao, N. Landy, K. Fan, A. Strikwerda, W. Padilla, R. Averitt, X. Zhang, in Electron Devices Meeting, 2008. IEDM 2008. IEEE International (2008), pp. 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  83. D. Schurig, J. Mock, B. Justice, S. Cummer, J. Pendry, A. Starr, D. Smith, Science 314 (5801), 977 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. X.Q. Lin, T.J. Cui, J.Y. Chin, X.M. Yang, Q. Cheng, R. Liu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (13), 131904 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. R. Liu, X.M. Yang, J.G. Gollub, J.J. Mock, T.J. Cui, D.R. Smith, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 (7), 073506 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. D.R. Smith, J.J. Mock, A.F. Starr, D. Schurig, Phys. Rev. E 71 (3), 036609 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. R. Liu, C. Ji, J.J. Mock, T. Cui, D. Smith, in 2008 International Workshop on Metamaterials (2008), pp. 248–250

    Google Scholar 

  88. A.K. Iyer, P.C. Kremer, G.V. Eleftheriades, Opt. Express 11 (7), 696 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. A.A. Oliner, in IEEE-AP-S Digest (San Anotnio, TX, 2002), p. 41

    Google Scholar 

  90. C. Caloz, T. Itoh, IEEE 2, 412–415 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  91. C. Caloz, T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications: The Engineering Approach (Wiley, New York, 2006)

    Google Scholar 

  92. W.J. Padilla, A.J. Taylor, C. Highstrete, M. Lee, R.D. Averitt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (10), 107401 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. H.T. Chen, J.F. O’Hara, A.K. Azad, A.J. Taylor, R.D. Averitt, D.B. Shrekenhamer, W.J. Padilla, Nat. Photon 2 (5), 295 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. H.T. Chen, W.J. Padilla, J.M.O. Zide, S.R. Bank, A.C. Gossard, A.J. Taylor, R.D. Averitt, Opt. Lett. 32 (12), 1620 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. H.T. Chen, S. Palit, T. Tyler, C.M. Bingham, J.M.O. Zide, J.F. OHara, D.R. Smith, A.C. Gossard, R.D. Averitt, W.J. Padilla, N.M. Jokerst, A.J. Taylor, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (9), 091117 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. H.T. Chen, W.J. Padilla, M.J. Cich, A.K. Azad, R.D. Averitt, A.J. Taylor, Nat. Photonics 3 (3), 148 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. T. Driscoll, S. Palit, M.M. Qazilbash, M. Brehm, F. Keilmann, B.G. Chae, S.J. Yun, H.T. Kim, S.Y. Cho, N.M. Jokerst, D.R. Smith, D.N. Basov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2), 024101 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. H. Tao, A.C. Strikwerda, K. Fan, W.J. Padilla, X. Zhang, R.D. Averitt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (14), 147401 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. D. Shrekenhamer, S. Rout, A.C. Strikwerda, C. Bingham, R.D. Averitt, S. Sonkusale, W.J. Padilla, Opt. Express 19 (10), 9968 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. R. Liu, T.J. Cui, D. Huang, B. Zhao, D.R. Smith, Phys. Rev. E 76 (2), 026606 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. D.R. Smith, J.B. Pendry, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23 (3), 391 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. A. Demetriadou, J.B. Pendry, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 20 (29), 295222 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. M.C.K. Wiltshire, J.B. Pendry, J.V. Hajnal, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21 (29), 292201 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. J. Pendry, A. Holden, D. Robbins, W. Stewart, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47 (11), 2075 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. G. Dolling, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, J.F. Zhou, C.M. Soukoulis, S. Linden, Opt. Lett. 30 (23), 3198 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. V.M. Shalaev, W. Cai, U.K. Chettiar, H.K. Yuan, A.K. Sarychev, V.P. Drachev, A.V. Kildishev, Opt. Lett. 30 (24), 3356 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. C. Rockstuhl, C. Menzel, T. Paul, T. Pertsch, F. Lederer, Phys. Rev. B 78 (15), 155102 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. J. Valentine, S. Zhang, T. Zentgraf, E. Ulin-Avila, D.A. Genov, G. Bartal, X. Zhang, Nature 455 (7211), 376 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. D. Shrekenhamer, W. Xu, S. Venkatesh, D. Schurig, S. Sonkusale, W.J. Padilla, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 (17), 177401 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. D. Li, Y. Xie, J. Zhang, J. Li, Z. Chen, J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 22 (10), 1420 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. C. Rockstuhl, T. Zentgraf, H. Guo, N. Liu, C. Etrich, I. Loa, K. Syassen, J. Kuhl, F. Lederer, H. Giessen, Appl. Phys. B 84 (1–2), 219 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. J. Wang, S. Qu, Z. Xu, J. Zhang, H. Ma, Y. Yang, C. Gu, Photonics Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 7 (2), 108 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. D. Shrekenhamer, Dynamic Control of Metamaterials at Terahertz Frequencies, Ph.D., Boston College, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  114. S. OBrien, J.B. Pendry, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 14 (25), 6383 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. R. Bracewell, Wirel. Eng. 31, 320 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  116. W. Rotman, IRE Trans. Antennas Propag. 10 (1), 82 (1962)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. R. Ulrich, Infrared Phys. 7 (1), 37 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. T. Timusk, P. Richards, Appl. Opt. 20 (8), 1355 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. J. Pendry, A. Holden, D. Robbins, W. Stewart, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 10 (22), 4785 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. D. Schurig, J. Mock, D.R. Smith, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (4), 041109 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. W.J. Padilla, M.T. Aronsson, C. Highstrete, M. Lee, A.J. Taylor, R.D. Averitt, Phys. Rev. B 75 (4), 041102 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. N.I. Landy, C.M. Bingham, T. Tyler, N. Jokerst, D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, Phys. Rev. B 79 (12), 125104 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. B.J. Arritt, D.R. Smith, T. Khraishi, J. Appl. Phys. 109 (7), 073512 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. T.J. Yen, W.J. Padilla, N. Fang, D.C. Vier, D.R. Smith, J.B. Pendry, D.N. Basov, X. Zhang, Science (New York, NY) 303 (5663), 1494 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  125. A.K. Azad, A.J. Taylor, E. Smirnova, J.F. OHara, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (1), 011119 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. C.M. Watts, X. Liu, W.J. Padilla, Adv. Mater. 24 (23), OP98 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  127. C.M. Bingham, H. Tao, X. Liu, R.D. Averitt, X. Zhang, W.J. Padilla, Opt. Express 16 (23), 18565 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. N. Papasimakis, S. Thongrattanasiri, N.I. Zheludev, F.G.d. Abajo, Light Sci. Appl. 2 (7), e78 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  129. W. Xu, W.J. Padilla, S. Sonkusale, arXiv:1204.6067 [physics] (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  130. D. Ye, K. Chang, L. Ran, H. Xin, Nat. Commun. 5 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  131. C.M. Watts, D. Shrekenhamer, J. Montoya, G. Lipworth, J. Hunt, T. Sleasman, S. Krishna, D.R. Smith, W.J. Padilla, Nat. Photonics 8, 605 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. D. Shrekenhamer, C.M. Watts, W.J. Padilla, Opt. Express 21 (10), 12507 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. D. Donoho, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 52 (4), 1289 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  134. T. Vogel, G. Dodel, E. Holzhauer, H. Salzmann, A. Theurer, Appl. Opt. 31 (3), 329 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. T. Nozokido, H. Minamide, K. Mizuno, Electron. Commun. Jpn. (Part II: Electron.) 80 (6), 1 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  136. T. Okada, K. Tanaka, Sci. Rep. 1, 121 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. S. Busch, B. Scherger, M. Scheller, M. Koch, Opt. Lett. 37 (8), 1391 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. E.A. Shaner, J.G. Cederberg, D. Wasserman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (18), 181110 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. H.T. Chen, H. Lu, A.K. Azad, R.D. Averitt, A.C. Gossard, S.A. Trugman, J.F. OHara, A.J. Taylor, Opt. Express 16 (11), 7641 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. J. Shu, C. Qiu, V. Astley, D. Nickel, D.M. Mittleman, Q. Xu, Opt. Express 19 (27), 26666 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. T. Kleine-Ostmann, P. Dawson, K. Pierz, M. Koch, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (18), 3555 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. L. Ju, B. Geng, J. Horng, C. Girit, M. Martin, Z. Hao, H.A. Bechtel, X. Liang, A. Zettl, Y.R. Shen, F. Wang, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 (10), 630 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. B. Sensale-Rodriguez, T. Fang, R. Yan, M.M. Kelly, D. Jena, L. Liu, H.G. Xing, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 (11), 113104 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. C.C. Lee, S. Suzuki, W. Xie, T.R. Schibli, Opt. Express 20 (5), 5264 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, X. Zhang, Nature 474 (7349), 64 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. B. Sensale-Rodriguez, R. Yan, M.M. Kelly, T. Fang, K. Tahy, W.S. Hwang, D. Jena, L. Liu, H.G. Xing, Nat. Commun. 3, 780 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. S.H. Lee, M. Choi, T.T. Kim, S. Lee, M. Liu, X. Yin, H.K. Choi, S.S. Lee, C.G. Choi, S.Y. Choi, X. Zhang, B. Min, Nat. Mater. 11 (11), 936 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. J.G. Rivas, M. Kuttge, H. Kurz, P.H. Bolivar, J.A. Snchez-Gil, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (8), 082106 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. H.T. Chen, H. Yang, R. Singh, J.F. OHara, A.K. Azad, S.A. Trugman, Q.X. Jia, A.J. Taylor, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (24), 247402 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. M. Rahm, J.S. Li, W.J. Padilla, J. Infrared Millimeter Terahertz Waves 34 (1), 1 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. H.T. Chen, W.J. Padilla, J.M.O. Zide, A.C. Gossard, A.J. Taylor, R.D. Averitt, Nature 444 (7119), 597 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. O. Paul, C. Imhof, B. Lgel, S. Wolff, J. Heinrich, S. Hfling, A. Forchel, R. Zengerle, R. Beigang, M. Rahm, Opt. Express 17 (2), 819 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. H. Alius, G. Dodel, Infrared Phys. 32, 1 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. T. Nozokido, H. Minamide, K. Mizuno, RIKEN Rev. 11 (11), 11–12 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  155. E. Hendry, M.J. Lockyear, J.G. Rivas, L. Kuipers, M. Bonn, Phys. Rev. B 75 (23), 235305 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. D.R. Chowdhury, R. Singh, J.F. OHara, H.T. Chen, A.J. Taylor, A.K. Azad, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 (23), 231101 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. T. Driscoll, H.T. Kim, B.G. Chae, B.J. Kim, Y.W. Lee, N.M. Jokerst, S. Palit, D.R. Smith, M.D. Ventra, D.N. Basov, Science 325 (5947), 1518 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mixignal Innovations, Nashua, NH, USA

    Saroj Rout

  2. Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA

    Sameer Sonkusale

Authors
  1. Saroj Rout
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sameer Sonkusale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rout, S., Sonkusale, S. (2017). Introduction. In: Active Metamaterials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52219-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52219-7_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52218-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-52219-7

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation