Abstract
The eighth chapter places the four policing models against mafia and organised crime in Italy, US, Australia and UK, within international frameworks, with specific focus to contributions from the United Nations and the European Union. The aim of this chapter is to reflect on the challenges of policy transfer and harmonisation within a perspective that considers the problems of legal asymmetries for international cooperation. It reflects upon the internationalisation of labels such as mafia and organised crime and the difficulty to transfer these labels across national and international policies without an integration of cultural perspectives.
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Notes
- 1.
General Assembly Resolution 55/25 of 15 Nov. 2000. See also United Nations, “Interpretative notes for the official records (travaux préparatoires) of the negotiation of the United Convention against Transnational Organized Crime” A/55/383 Add. 1 of 3 Nov. 2000; UN Office on Drugs and Crime, “Travaux Préparatoires of the negotiations for the elaboration of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto” (2006); UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Legislative Guides for the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto (2004).
- 2.
Article 1 Council Framework Decision 2008/841/JHA of 24 October 2008 on the fight against organised crime
Definitions
For the purposes of this Framework Decision:
1. “criminal organisation” means a structured association, established over a period of time, of more than two persons acting in concert with a view to committing offences which are punishable by deprivation of liberty or a detention order of a maximum of at least four years or a more serious penalty, to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit;
2. “structured association” means an association that is not randomly formed for the immediate commission of an offence, nor does it need to have formally defined roles for its members, continuity of its membership, or a developed structure.
- 3.
Convention based on Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention) – Official Journal C 316, 27/11/1995 P. 0002 – 0032 – http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41995A1127(01):EN:HTML.
- 4.
Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) OJ L 121, 15.5.2009 – http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009D0371.
- 5.
Tampere European Council 15 And 16 October 1999 Presidency Conclusions –
- 6.
Model Treaty on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/117, subsequently amended by General Assembly resolution 53/112) A/RES/45/117 68th plenary meeting 14 December 1990, p.143, via https://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_treaty_mutual_assistance_criminal_matters.pdf.
- 7.
EU Council Decision no. 12095/13.
- 8.
Council Resolution Brussels, Creation of an operational network – @ON – to counter mafia- style serious and organised crime groups, Justice and Home Affairs Council meeting Brussels, 4 December 2014
- 9.
Interpol, 11 June 2012 – Media release – Italy’s fight against mafia a blueprint against transnational organized crime, INTERPOL Chief tells Palermo meeting – http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/PR048.
- 10.
Mispelled in the original text.
- 11.
Press Release – European Parliament – MEPs demand new EU rules to improve fight against organised crime and corruption – Plenary sessions – page 1 – http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdfs/news/expert/infopress/20161020IPR47883/20161020IPR47883_en.pdf.
- 12.
European Parliament – Plenary Sitting – 7.10.2016 – REPORT on the fight against corruption and follow-up of the CRIM resolution (2015/2110(INI)) Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs Rapporteur: Laura Ferrara – page 6 – http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2f%2fEP%2f%2fNONSGML%2bREPORT%2bA8-2016-0284%2b0%2bDOC%2bPDF%2bV0%2f%2fEN.
- 13.
Ibid. page 10.
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Sergi, A. (2017). National Models and International Frameworks. In: From Mafia to Organised Crime. Critical Criminological Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53568-5_8
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