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New Indicator Values for Central Caucasus Flora

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Plant Diversity in the Central Great Caucasus: A Quantitative Assessment

Part of the book series: Geobotany Studies ((GEOBOT))

Abstract

In this study we have aimed to extend the concept of indicator values of Ellenberg (1974) and Landolt (1977) for vascular plants of the Caucaus (Sakhokia and Khutsishvili 1975a, b, c), taking account those species which also occur in the Alps (more than 400 species). The resulting Nakhutsrishvili Indicator Values for the Caucasus (see Annex) were compared with those of Elias Landolt for the Alps (Landolt 1977). The results show a high overlap of both sets of indicator values, indicating both, a high overlap of the ecological niche of the species of the Alps and the Caucasus, and also an agreement of both experts for many species and indicator value classes (30–50% congruence). The results show that an extension of Landolt indicator values to the Caucasus is possible, and that the Nakhutsrishvili Indicator Value dataset can now be used for vegetation analysis of the Caucasus.

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References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Botanikuri str. 1, Tbilisi, Georgia

    George Nakhutsrishvili

  2. Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, K. Cholokashvili Ave. 3/5, Tbilisi, Georgia

    Ketevan Batsatsashvili

  3. Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstr. 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Katrin Rudmann-Maurer

  4. Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Christian Körner

  5. Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland

    Eva Spehn

Authors
  1. George Nakhutsrishvili
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  2. Ketevan Batsatsashvili
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  3. Katrin Rudmann-Maurer
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  4. Christian Körner
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  5. Eva Spehn
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to George Nakhutsrishvili .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

    George Nakhutsrishvili

  2. Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

    Otar Abdaladze

  3. Institute of Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

    Ketevan Batsatsashvili

  4. Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Eva Spehn

  5. Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Christian Körner

Annex

Annex

List of indicator values of G. Nakhutsrishvili for species in the Caucasus and indicator values of Landolt (1977; and Landolt et al. 2010 for T and F) for species in the Alps. We only took a subset of those species occurring both in the Caucasus and the Alps.

Species

T

T L1977

T L2010

F

F L1977

F L2010

L

L L1977

R

R L1977

N

N L1977

Acer campestre L.

4

4

4.0

3

3

2.5

3

3

2

3

4

3

Achillea millefolium L.

2

3

3.0

3

2

2.0

3

4

3

3

3

3

Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit.

3

5

4.0

3

1

1.0

3

5

3

4

3

2

Aconitum confertiflorum (DC.)

Worosch. var. pumilum Kem.-Nath.

2

 

4.0

3

 

2.5

3

4

3

3

2

2

Adoxa moschatellina L.

3

3

3.0

3

4

3.5

3

2

3

4

2

3

Aethusa cynapium L.

4

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

3

4

3

4

2

4

Agrimonia eupatoria L.

4

4

4.0

2

2

2.0

3

4

4

4

2

3

Agrostemma githago L.

4

3

3.0

   

3

4

3

3

3

3

Agrostis gigantea Roth.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.5

3

3

3

3

4

3

Agrostis tenuis Sibth.

3

3

3.0

2

3

2.5

4

3

3

2

2

2

Ajuga genevensis L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.0

3

3

4

4

3

3

Alisma plantago-aquatica L.

4

4

4.0

   

3

4

2

3

2

3

Allium moschatum L.

3

 

5.0

2

 

1.0

4

4

4

5

2

1

Allium victorialis L.

2

2

2.0

3

3

3.5

3

4

2

4

4

3

Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.

3

5

4.0

4

2

3.0

3

4

5

4

2

3

Alopecurus pratensis L.

4

3

3.5

4

4

3.5

3

4

3

3

2

4

Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L.

3

4

3.5

1

1

1.5

4

4

4

3

2

2

Alyssum murale Waldst.

3

 

4.5

1

 

1.5

4

4

4

4

2

2

Amelanchier ovalis Medik.

4

3

4.5

2

2

1.0

3

4

3

5

2

2

Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich.

3

4

3.5

3

2

2.0

4

4

3

5

3

2

Androsace chamaejasme Wulf

2

2

1.5

1

2

2.0

4

4

4

5

1

2

Androsace septentrionalis L.

3

2

2.5

1

1

1.0

4

4

4

2

1

3

Androsace villosa L.

2

2

2.0

1

2

2.0

4

4

4

4

2

2

Anthoxanthum odoratum ssp. alpinum (A. et D.Love)

2

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

2

3

2

Anthriscus nemorosa (Bieb.) Spreng.

2

 

3.5

3

 

3.0

2

3

3

4

3

4

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.

4

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

3

3

4

Arabis auriculata Lam.

3

4

4.5

2

1

1.5

4

4

4

3

2

2

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop.

3

4

3.5

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

2

2

Arctium lappa L.

3

4

3.5

4

3

2.5

4

3

4

4

2

5

Arenaria serpyllifolia L.

5

4

4.0

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

2

4

Artemisia absinthium L.

5

4

4.0

1

2

2.0

5

4

4

4

2

4

Artemisia vulgaris L.

5

4

4.0

3

3

2.5

5

4

4

3

2

4

Aruncus vulgaris Rafin.

4

4

3.5

3

 

3.5

2

2

1

3

4

4

Asperugo procumbens L.

4

3

2.5

3

2

2.5

4

4

3

4

2

5

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L.

3

4

4.0

3

2

2.0

2

3

3

2

2

2

Asplenium ruta-muraria L.

3

3

2.5

2

2

2.0

4

4

4

5

2

2

Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.

2

3

2.5

2

2

1.5

4

4

3

2

1

1

Asplenium trichomanes L.

2

3

3.0

2

3

2.0

2

3

3

2

2

2

Asplenium viride Huds.

2

3

2.0

3

3

3.5

2

2

4

5

2

2

Aster alpinus L.

2

2

2.0

3

2

2.0

3

5

3

3

2

2

Astragalus alpinus L.

2

1

1.5

3

2

2.5

5

4

3

4

2

2

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

1

2

2

2

4

3

Avena fatua L.

4

4

4.0

2

2

2.5

3

4

4

4

3

3

Barbarea arcuata (Opiz.) Reichb.

2

 

4.0

5

 

3.5

3

4

3

4

2

4

Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.

3

3

3.5

4

3

3.5

3

4

3

3

2

4

Berberis vulgaris L.

3

3

3.0

2

2

2.0

4

3

4

4

2

2

Betula pendula Roth.

2

3

3.5

   

3

4

  

4

2

Bifora radians Bieb.

2

5

2.0

2

1

2.0

4

5

3

5

3

2

Bilacunaria microcarpa

M. Pimen. et V. Tichomirov

2

 

5.0

2

 

2.0

4

4

3

4

3

4

Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link.

3

3

3.0

5

4

4.0

3

4

5

4

4

3

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.

2

2

2.0

2

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

2

2

Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv.

2

3

3.0

3

2

2.0

3

3

3

4

2

3

Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv.

2

4

3.5

3

4

3.5

3

3

3

3

4

3

Brassica campestris L.

3

4

3.5

3

3

3.5

3

4

3

3

2

4

Bromopsis commutatus Schrad.

5

4

4.5

2

2

2.5

4

3

3

4

2

3

Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub

4

4

4.5

2

2

2.0

4

4

4

4

2

3

Bromopsis mollis L.

3

4

3.5

4

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

2

4

Bromopsis riparia (Rehm.) Holub

2

 

3.0

2

 

2.0

4

4

3

3

2

3

Bromopsis secalinus L.

3

4

3.5

3

3

3.0

4

3

3

3

2

3

Bromopsis sterilis L.

3

4

4.0

3

2

2.0

4

3

3

3

2

4

Bromopsis tectorum L.

3

4

4.5

2

1

1.0

4

5

3

3

2

4

Brunnera macrophylla (Adam) Jonst.

4

 

4.0

3

 

3.0

3

2

2

3

4

3

Bunias orientalis L.

4

4

3.5

3

2

2.0

3

3

3

3

2

4

Bupleurum rotundifolium L.

4

5

4.5

2

1

2.0

4

4

3

4

3

3

Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

3

3

3

2

2

2

Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth.

3

3

3.5

   

4

3

3

4

2

3

Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Hall.fil.) Koeler

3

3

3.5

   

4

3

4

4

3

3

Campanula rapunculoides L.

2

4

4.0

2

2

2.0

3

3

3

4

2

3

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

4

3

3.0

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

3

3

4

Cardamine hirsuta L.

4

4

3.5

4

3

3.0

2

4

2

3

4

4

Cardamine impatiens L.

3

3

3.5

4

3

3.5

2

3

2

3

4

4

Carduus nutans L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.0

4

4

4

4

2

4

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir.

2

2

1.5

5

4

4.5

4

3

2

2

4

2

Carex capillaris L.

2

2

1.5

5

3

3.5

4

4

5

4

4

1

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh.

2

3

3.5

5

5

5.0

3

4

2

2

4

1

Carex digitata L.

3

3

3.0

3

2

2.5

2

2

2

3

4

2

Carex halleriana Asso

4

4

4.5

3

1

1.0

2

3

3

5

4

2

Carex hirta L.

3

4

3.5

5

3

3.5

3

3

2

3

4

4

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh.

2

3

3.0

5

5

4.5

4

4

2

2

2

2

Carex leporina L.

2

3

3.0

4

3

3.5

3

3

2

2

3

2

Carex limosa L.

2

3

3.0

5

5

5.0

3

4

2

2

2

1

Carex michelii Host

4

5

5.0

3

2

1.5

4

4

3

4

3

2

Carex microglochin Wahlenb.

2

1

1.5

4

4

4.0

4

5

5

4

3

1

Carex mucronata All.

3

2

2.5

1

2

1.5

5

5

4

5

1

2

Carex muricata L.

2

 

3.0

3

 

2.0

4

3

3

4

3

3

Carex pallescens L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

2

3

3

Carex panicea L.

2

3

3.0

5

4

4.5

4

4

5

4

2

2

Carex remota L.

3

4

3.5

3

4

4.0

4

2

3

3

3

3

Carex sylvatica Huds.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.5

2

2

3

3

4

3

Carex tomentosa L.

5

3

3.5

   

4

4

4

4

1

2

Carex vesicaria L.

3

4

3.5

5

5

5.0

4

3

2

3

3

3

Carum carvi L.

2

3

2.5

2

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

3

3

Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv.

2

3

3.0

5

5

4.5

3

4

4

4

4

4

Caucalis platycarpos L.

4

5

5.0

2

2

1.5

3

4

3

5

3

3

Centaurea solstitialis L.

4

4

4.5

1

2

2.0

4

4

2

3

2

4

Centaurium erythraea Rafn.

4

4

3.5

4

3

3.5

3

4

2

3

2

2

Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce

4

4

3.5

4

3

3.0

3

4

2

4

2

3

Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce

3

3

3.5

3

2

2.5

2

3

3

4

4

2

Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch.

3

4

3.5

3

3

2.5

2

3

3

4

4

2

Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich.

3

4

4.0

3

2

2.5

3

3

3

4

2

2

Cerastium arvense L.

2

4

4.0

3

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

2

3

Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Britt.

2

1

1.0

3

4

4.0

4

4

3

2

2

2

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.

5

3

4.0

2

3

2.5

4

4

4

3

2

4

Cerinthe glabra Mill.

2

2

2.0

2

3

3.5

4

3

3

4

2

4

Chaerophyllum aureum L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

4

3

4

Chaerophyllum bulbosum L.

4

5

4.5

3

4

4.0

3

3

3

4

3

5

Chenopodium album L.

4

3

3.0

   

4

4

3

3

2

4

Chenopodium botrys (L.) Mold.

4

5

5.0

   

3

4

3

3

2

4

Cicerbita macrophylla (Willd.) Wallr.

2

4

4.0

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

3

2

4

Cichorium intybus L.

4

4

4.0

3

2

2.5

4

4

3

4

2

3

Circaea alpina L.

2

3

2.5

4

4

4.0

3

2

2

2

2

2

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

4

4

3.5

2

3

3.0

4

3

2

3

2

4

Clematis vitabla L.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

4

2

3

Clinopodium vulgare L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.5

3

3

4

4

4

2

Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm.

3

2

2.0

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

2

2

Conium maculatum L.

4

4

4.5

3

3

3.5

3

4

3

4

2

5

Convolvulus arvensis L.

4

4

4.0

3

2

2.5

2

4

4

4

2

4

Corallorhiza trifida Chatel.

3

2

2.5

3

3

3.5

1

1

3

3

4

2

Coronilla varia L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.5

3

3

3

4

3

2

Cotinus coggygria Scop.

5

5

4.5

1

1

1.5

4

4

4

4

2

2

Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik.

4

3

3.0

2

1

1.5

4

4

4

4

2

2

Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend.

2

4

4.5

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

3

2

3

Cruciata laevipes Opiz.

2

4

3.5

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

3

2

3

Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R.Br. ex Hook.

2

2

1.5

3

2

3.0

3

4

2

1

4

3

Cynoglossum officinale L.

3

3

4.0

2

2

1.5

3

3

3

4

3

4

Cynosurus cristatus L.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

2

3

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

2

3

2

4

4

2

Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Desv.

2

2

2.0

2

3

3.5

3

3

2

4

4

2

Dactylis glomerata L.

4

4

4.0

3

3

3.0

3

4

3

3

3

4

Daphne mezereum L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

3

2

3

4

2

3

Datura stramonium L.

4

5

5.0

2

3

3.0

3

4

4

3

3

4

Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.

2

3

3.0

5

4

4.0

3

3

3

4

1

3

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb.& Prantl

4

3

3.5

2

2

1.5

3

4

4

3

2

4

Dianthus armeria L.

4

5

4.5

2

2

2.5

2

3

  

2

3

Diphastrum alpinum (L.) Holub

2

2

2.0

4

2

3.0

3

4

3

1

2

1

Dipsacus strigosus Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.

2

 

4.5

2

 

3.5

1

4

3

3

2

4

Draba nemorosa L.

2

3

3.0

3

1

1.5

3

4

3

4

2

3

Draba siliquosa Bieb.

2

1

1.0

2

2

2.0

4

4

3

3

2

1

Dracocephalum ruyschianum L.

3

2

2.0

2

2

2.0

4

4

4

4

2

3

Dryopteris filix mas (L.) Schott.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

3

2

2

3

4

3

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.

3

4

4.0

4

3

3.5

3

4

3

3

2

4

Echinops sphaerocephalus L.

5

4

4.0

3

2

2.0

5

4

4

4

3

4

Echium vulgare L.

5

4

4.0

2

1

2.0

5

5

3

3

2

3

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult.

2

3

3.5

5

4

5.0

4

4

5

4

3

2

Eleocharis austriaca Hayek

3

3

3.5

4

5

4.5

4

4

2

3

3

2

Eleocharis palustris L.

3

3

3.5

5

5

4.5

4

4

5

4

3

3

Eleocharis quinqueflora (F. X. Hartm.) O.Schwarz

3

3

3.0

4

4

4.5

4

4

4

4

3

1

Epilobium hirsutum L.

3

4

3.5

5

4

4.0

3

3

4

4

2

4

Epilobium montanum L.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

2

3

3

4

4

4

Epilobium palustre L.

2

3

3.0

5

5

4.5

3

4

2

3

3

2

Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz

2

3

3.0

3

3

2.0

4

3

3

4

2

3

Epipogium aphyllum (F. M. Schmidt) Sw.

3

3

3.0

3

3

2.5

2

1

3

2

4

3

Equisetum arvense L.

4

3

3.5

5

3

3.5

3

3

3

4

2

3

Equisetum fluviatile L.

4

3

3.0

5

5

5.0

3

4

3

3

2

3

Equisetum palustre L.

4

3

3.0

5

4

4.5

3

4

3

3

2

2

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh.

4

3

3.5

5

4

4.5

3

3

5

4

4

3

Erigeron alpinus L.

2

2

1.5

2

2

2.0

4

4

3

3

3

2

Erigeron uniflorus L.

2

1

1.0

2

2

2.5

5

5

4

3

3

2

Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe

3

3

3.0

5

5

4.5

4

4

3

4

3

2

Eriophorum vaginatum L.

3

2

2.5

5

4

4.5

4

4

3

1

3

1

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her.

3

4

3.5

2

2

2.0

4

4

3

4

2

3

Erophila verna (L.) Chevall.

5

4

4.0

1

2

2.5

4

4

4

3

1

2

Euonymus europaeus L.

4

3

3.5

3

3

3.5

3

3

4

4

2

3

Euonymus latifolius (L.) Mill.

4

4

3.5

3

3

3.5

3

3

4

4

2

3

Euonymus verrucosus Scop.

4

5

4.5

3

2

2.0

3

3

4

4

2

2

Eupatorium cannabinum L.

3

4

3.5

5

4

4.0

3

3

5

4

3

4

Euphrasia hirtella Jordan ex Reuter

2

2

2.0

3

2

2.0

3

4

3

3

2

2

Euphrasia pectinata Ten.

2

3

3.0

3

1

1.0

3

4

3

4

2

2

Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.

4

3

4.5

2

2

2.5

3

4

3

2

3

3

Falcaria vulgaris Bernh.

5

5

4.5

1

2

2.5

4

4

4

4

3

3

Festuca arundinacea Schreb.

3

3

3.5

3

4

4.0

4

4

3

4

4

4

Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill.

3

3

3.5

4

4

4.0

3

2

2

3

4

3

Festuca ovina L.

5

3

4.0

1

2

2.0

4

3

3

2

1

2

Festuca pratensis Huds.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

2

4

Festuca rubra L.

3

x

3.0

3

3

3.0

4

3

3

3

3

3

Festuca rupicola Heuffel

3

3

3.0

1

1

1.5

4

3

3

4

2

2

Festuca valesiaca Gaudin

5

4

4.0

1

1

1.0

4

4

4

4

1

2

Festuca varia Haenke

5

2

1.5

1

2

2.0

4

5

4

2

4

2

Filago arvensis L.

4

4

4.5

2

1

1.0

3

4

3

2

3

3

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.

3

3

3.0

4

4

4.0

3

3

2

3

2

4

Filipendula vulgaris Moench

3

4

3.5

2

2

2.5

3

3

4

4

2

2

Fragaria vesca L.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

2

3

2

3

4

3

Fraxinus excelsior L.

3

4

3.5

3

 

3.5

3

3

3

4

4

3

Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Willem.

4

4

4.5

1

2

2.0

4

4

4

4

1

3

Galega orientalis Lam.*

3

 

2.5

3

 

3.0

2

3

2

3

4

3

Galeopsis bifida Boenn.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

3

3

2

2

4

4

Galinsoga parviflora Car.

3

4

4.0

3

3

2.5

4

4

3

2

3

4

Galium album Mill.

2

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

3

2

4

Galium verum L.

2

4

3.5

3

2

2.5

3

4

3

4

2

2

Gentiana cruciata L.

2

3

3.0

3

2

1.5

4

3

3

4

2

2

Gentiana nivalis L.

2

1

1.5

4

3

3.0

4

4

2

3

2

2

Geranium columbinum L.

3

4

4.0

3

2

2.5

3

3

3

4

2

3

Geranium dissectum L.

3

4

4.0

3

3

3.0

3

4

3

3

2

3

Geranium divaricatum Ehrh.

3

3

3.5

3

2

2.0

3

4

2

3

4

4

Geranium palustre L.

3

4

4.0

4

4

4.0

3

3

4

4

2

4

Geranium platypetalum Fisch. & Mey.

2

???

3.0

2

 

3.5

4

3

3

4

2

4

Geranium robertianum L.

3

3

3.5

4

3

3.0

2

3

3

3

2

4

Geranium sanguineum L.

3

4

3.5

3

2

2.0

4

3

3

4

2

2

Geranium sibiricum L.

3

4

4.5

4

2

3.0

4

3

3

4

2

4

Geranium sylvaticum L.

2

2

2.5

3

3

3.5

3

3

2

3

4

4

Geum rivale L.

3

3

3.0

5

4

4.0

3

3

2

3

4

4

Glaucium corniculatum (L.) J.Rudolph

4

5

5.0

1

2

2.0

4

4

4

4

2

4

Glyceria arundinacea Kunth.

3

 

4.0

5

 

5.0

3

4

2

3

2

4

Glyceria plicata (Fries) Fries

3

3

3.0

5

5

4.5

3

3

5

4

2

4

Gnaphalium caucasicum Somm. & Levier

   

2

 

4.0

4

5

3

2

3

2

Gnaphalium supinum L.

2

1

1.0

3

4

4.0

4

5

  

3

2

Gnaphalium sylvaticum L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

2.5

3

3

3

2

3

2

Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br.

2

3

3.0

3

2

2.0

2

2

3

2

4

1

Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br.

2

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

4

3

2

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm.

2

3

2.5

3

3

3.0

2

2

2

2

4

3

Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newm.

2

3

2.5

3

3

2.5

2

3

3

4

4

3

Gypsophila elegans Bieb.

2

 

4.0

1

 

2.0

4

4

3

3

2

3

Helianthemum grandiflorum (Scop.) DC.

2

2

1.5

2

2

2.0

5

4

4

3

2

2

Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller

5

4

4.5

2

1

1.5

4

5

4

4

2

2

Helictotrichon pubescens (Huds.) Pilg.

2

3

3.0

3

3

2.5

4

4

3

4

2

3

Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

4

4

3

4

3

2

Hesperis matronalis L.

3

5

4.0

3

3

3.5

2

3

2

3

4

4

Hieracium laevigatum Willd.

2

 

3.0

3

 

2.5

2

3

3

2

3

2

Hieracium pilosella L.

2

3

3.0

3

2

2.0

4

4

3

3

3

2

Hieracium umbellatum L.

2

4

4.0

3

2

2.5

2

3

3

2

3

2

Hippophaë rhamnoides L.

4

3

3.5

4

2

2.5

3

4

5

4

4

2

Hippuris vulgaris L.

3

3

3.0

   

4

4

5

4

1

3

Humulus lupulus L.

4

4

4.0

4

4

4.0

3

3

3

3

3

4

Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart.

2

2

2.0

3

3

3.0

3

3

2

2

4

1

Hyoscyamus niger L.

4

4

4.5

2

2

2.5

3

4

4

3

3

5

Hypericum hirsutum L.

2

4

4.0

3

3

3.5

4

3

3

4

2

3

Hypericum perforatum L.

2

4

4.0

3

2

3.0

3

3

3

3

2

3

Impatiens noli-tangere L.

4

3

3.5

3

4

4.0

2

2

3

4

2

4

Inula britannica L.

4

5

4.5

4

4

4.0

4

3

3

4

2

3

Inula helenium L.

4

5

4.5

4

3

3.5

4

3

3

3

3

4

Iris sibirica L.

3

4

4.0

4

3

4.0

3

4

3

4

3

2

Isatis caucasica (Rupr.) N.Busch*

2

 

1.5

1

 

2.5

4

5

4

4

2

2

Juncus articulatus L.

4

3

3.0

5

4

4.5

4

4

2

3

1

3

Juncus bufonius L.

4

3

3.5

5

4

4.0

4

4

2

3

1

3

Juncus compressus Jacq.

4

3

3.0

4

4

4.0

4

4

2

3

1

3

Juncus effusus L.

4

3

3.5

4

4

4.0

3

3

2

2

2

4

Juniperus sabina L.

3

4

3.0

2

2

1.5

3

4

3

3

2

2

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers.

4

3

4.0

1

1

1.5

4

4

  

2

2

Lactuca serriola Torn.

4

5

4.5

2

2

2.0

4

4

4

4

2

4

Lamium album L.

3

4

4.0

2

3

3.0

3

3

4

3

3

5

Lamium amplexicaule L.

3

3

4.0

1

2

2.5

4

4

4

3

3

4

Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.

4

3

3.5

2

2

2.0

4

4

4

4

1

4

Lapsana communis L.

4

4

3.5

3

3

3.5

2

3

2

3

4

4

Lapsana intermedia Bieb.

4

 

4.5

3

 

3.0

2

3

4

4

4

4

Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh.

2

 

3.5

3

 

2.0

2

3

2

4

4

2

Lathyrus aphaca L.

4

4

4.5

   

3

4

3

3

3

2

Lathyrus pratensis L.

4

4

3.5

3

3

3.5

2

3

3

3

4

3

Lathyrus tuberosus L.

4

4

4.5

3

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

4

3

Leontodon hispidus L.

4

3

3.0

2

3

2.5

3

4

3

4

2

3

Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib.

3

 

4.0

2

 

2.5

3

4

3

3

2

3

Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br.

3

3

4.5

3

2

2.5

3

4

3

4

2

4

Lepidium ruderale L.

4

4

4.5

2

2

2.0

4

4

3

4

2

4

Leucanthemum vulgare (L.) Lam.

   

2

3

2.5

4

4

3

3

3

3

Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill.

4

 

4.5

2

 

1.5

4

4

3

4

2

3

Linaria vulgaris Mill.

4

4

3.5

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

3

2

4

Linnaea borealis L.

2

2

2.0

4

3

3.0

2

2

2

2

3

1

Linum catharticum L.

4

3

4.0

2

3

2.5

3

3

3

4

2

2

Listera cordata (L.) R.Br.

3

2

2.5

3

4

4.0

2

1

2

1

3

1

Listera ovata (L.) R.Br.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

2

3

2

3

4

3

Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum L.

4

5

4.5

2

2

2.0

4

3

4

4

1

2

Lloydia serotina (L.) Reichenb.

2

1

1.0

3

2

2.5

4

4

3

2

2

1

Lolium perenne L.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

2

4

Lolium rigidum Gaudin

4

5

4.5

1

2

2.0

4

4

3

3

2

4

Lolium temulentum L.

4

4

4.0

3

2

3.0

4

3

3

4

2

4

Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulf.) A. Br.

2

2

1.5

3

5

4.5

4

4

2

3

2

1

Lotus corniculatus L.

2

3

3.0

2

2

2.5

3

4

3

3

2

3

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej.

2

3

3.0

3

3

2.5

4

3

3

1

2

2

Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd.

2

3

3.0

3

2

3.0

2

2

3

2

4

2

Luzula spicata (L.) DC.

2

1

1.5

3

2

2.5

4

5

3

2

2

1

Lycopodium annotinum L.

2

2

2.5

3

3

3.0

2

1

2

1

4

1

Lythrum salicaria L.

3

4

4.0

4

4

4.0

3

3

1

3

1

3

Malva neglecta Wallr.

3

3

3.5

2

3

2.5

3

4

3

3

2

5

Malva sylvestris L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.5

3

4

3

4

2

4

Medicago falcata L.

4

4

4.0

2

2

1.5

4

4

3

4

3

2

Medicago glutinosa Bieb. *

3

 

4.5

2

 

1.5

4

4

3

4

3

2

Medicago lupulina L.

4

4

4.0

2

2

2.0

3

3

3

4

2

3

Medicago minima (L.) Bartal.

4

4

4.5

   

4

4

3

4

3

2

Melampyrum arvense L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

4

3

Melica nutans L.

3

3

3.5

3

2

2.5

3

2

3

4

4

3

Melica transsilvanica Schur

5

4

4.0

1

1

1.0

4

4

4

4

3

2

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.

4

4

4.5

   

3

4

3

4

2

3

Mentha longifolia (L.) L.

3

3

3.0

4

4

4.0

3

3

3

4

3

4

Milium effusum L.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

3

2

3

2

4

3

Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern

1

2

3.5

2

2

1.0

4

5

3

4

2

1

Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv.

2

3

3.0

4

3

3.0

2

3

2

2

2

3

Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort.

2

4

3.5

4

3

3.5

2

2

3

4

4

4

Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt

2

1

1.5

3

3

3.0

3

4

3

4

2

3

Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill.

4

3

3.5

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

3

2

3

Myosotis caespitosa K.F.Schultz

3

4

4.5

4

5

4.5

3

4

2

2

2

3

Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench

3

3

3.5

5

4

4.0

2

3

2

3

2

4

Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv.

4

3

3.0

4

3

3.5

3

4

5

4

2

2

Nardus stricta Sakalo

2

2

2.5

3

3

3.0

4

4

2

2

2

2

Nasturtium officinale (L.) R. Br.

4

3

4.0

5

5

5.0

2

3

5

4

2

4

Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv.

4

4

4.0

   

3

4

3

4

2

3

Nonnea lutea (Desr.) DC.

5

5

5.0

2

2

2.0

4

4

4

3

2

3

Notholaena marantae (L.) Desv.

3

5

4.5

2

2

1.5

4

5

3

3

2

1

Odontites vulgaris Moench

4

4

4.0

   

3

3

3

4

2

4

Orchis mascula (L.) L.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

4

3

3

4

2

3

Orchis militaris L.

3

4

3.5

3

2

2.5

4

4

3

4

2

2

Orchis purpurea Huds.

3

4

4.5

3

3

3.0

4

3

3

4

2

3

Orchis ustulata L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

2.5

4

4

3

4

2

2

Origanum vulgare L.

3

4

3.5

2

2

2.0

4

3

3

4

2

3

Orobanche lutea Baumg.

2

4

4.5

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

1

2

Orthilia secunda (L.) House

2

3

2.5

4

3

3.0

2

2

2

3

2

2

Oxalis acetosella L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

1

1

2

2

3

2

Paris quadrifolia L.

3

3

3.0

4

3

3.5

3

2

3

4

4

3

Parnassia palustris L.

2

2

2.0

5

4

4.0

4

4

5

4

1

2

Petasites albus (L.) Gaerth.

4

3

3.0

4

4

4.0

3

2

3

3

3

4

Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link

5

4

4.5

2

1

1.5

5

4

3

4

2

2

Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

3

2

2

2

4

2

Phleum alpinum L.

2

2

2.0

3

3

3.0

4

4

2

3

  

Phleum phleoides (L.) Karst.

5

4

4.5

2

1

1.0

4

4

3

4

3

2

Phleum pratense L.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

3

4

Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

2

2

2

4

4

3

Physalis alkekengi L.

4

5

4.0

4

3

3.0

3

3

2

4

4

4

Plantago major L.

4

3

3.0

2

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

3

4

Plantago media L.

4

3

3.5

2

2

2.0

4

4

3

4

3

3

Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.5

2

3

3

3

4

2

Platanthera chlorantha Cust.

3

3

3.5

3

4

3.5

2

3

3

3

4

2

Poa alpina L.

1

2

1.5

3

3

3.5

4

4

3

3

3

4

Poa annua L.

3

3

3.5

4

3

3.0

4

4

2

3

2

4

Poa badensis Haenke

3

4

4.5

2

1

1.0

4

5

4

5

2

2

Poa nemoralis L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

2.5

3

3

2

3

4

3

Poa palustris L.

3

4

4.0

4

5

4.5

3

4

4

4

4

3

Poa pratensis L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

4

4

3

3

2

4

Poa trivialis L.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

3

3

3

4

2

4

Polygonum aviculare L.

4

3

4.0

3

3

3.5

3

4

3

3

3

4

Polygonum hydropiper L.

4

3

3.5

5

4

4.0

3

3

2

3

3

4

Polygonum persicaria L.

4

3

3.5

4

3

3.0

3

4

2

3

3

4

Polygonum viviparum L.

1

2

1.5

3

3

3.0

5

4

2

3

2

2

Polypodium vulgare L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

2.5

3

3

3

2

2

2

Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fee

3

3

3.0

3

4

3.5

2

2

2

2

4

3

Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth

3

2

2.5

3

3

3.0

2

2

3

4

4

3

Populus tremula L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

2.5

3

4

2

3

4

3

Potamogeton pectinatus L.

3

3

3.5

   

4

3

5

4

1

4

Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) Beck. ex Fritsch

2

2

1.5

   

4

4

3

4

2

2

Potentilla erecta (L.) Räuschel

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

2

2

2

Potentilla multifida L.

2

1

1.0

2

3

3.0

4

4

4

3

2

4

Potentilla nivea L.

2

1

1.5

2

2

2.0

5

5

4

4

2

4

Potentilla recta L.

3

5

4.5

2

1

2.0

3

4

4

4

2

3

Potentilla reptans L.

3

3

3.5

2

3

3.0

3

4

4

4

3

4

Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholl.

3

3

3.5

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

3

2

Prunella laciniata (L.) L.

3

5

4.5

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

3

2

Prunella vulgaris L.

3

3

3.0

2

3

3.5

3

4

3

3

3

3

Pyrola chlorantha Sw.

3

3

3.5

3

2

2.0

2

3

2

3

2

1

Pyrola media Sw.

2

2

2.5

4

3

3.0

2

2

2

2

2

2

Pyrola minor L.

2

2

2.0

4

3

3.0

3

3

2

2

2

2

Pyrola rotundifolia L.

2

2

2.5

4

3

3.5

2

2

3

4

2

2

Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.

5

4

4.0

1

2

2.0

4

3

4

3

1

2

Ranunculus repens L.

2

3

3.0

4

4

3.5

3

3

2

3

2

4

Rhamnus cathartica L.

4

4

3.5

2

3

2.5

3

3

4

4

2

2

Rhinanthus minor L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

4

4

3

3

3

2

Ribes alpinum L.

2

2

2.5

3

3

3.0

2

3

3

4

3

3

Rosa canina L.

4

3

3.0

2

2

2.5

4

3

4

3

2

3

Rosa corymbifera Borkh.

4

3

3.5

2

2

2.5

4

3

4

4

2

3

Rosa mollis Smith

4

 

3.0

2

 

2.5

4

4

4

4

2

3

Rubus idaeus L.

2

3

3.0

2

3

3.0

4

3

3

3

3

4

Rubus saxatilis L.

2

3

3.0

3

2

3.0

3

2

3

4

4

2

Rumex acetosa L.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

3

4

Rumex acetosella L.

3

3

3.0

3

2

3.0

4

4

1

2

5

3

Rumex alpinus L.

3

2

2.0

3

4

3.5

4

4

3

3

5

5

Rumex crispus L.

4

3

3.5

4

3

3.5

3

4

3

3

4

4

Sagina procumbens L.

3

3

3.5

4

3

3.5

3

4

2

3

2

3

Sagina saginoides (L.) Karsten

2

2

1.5

2

3

3.5

4

4

4

3

2

2

Salix caprea L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

3

3

2

3

3

3

Salvia glutinosa L.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

3

2

3

4

3

4

Salvia verticillata L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

3

4

Sambucus ebulus L.

4

4

4.0

4

3

3.5

2

3

3

4

2

4

Sambucus nigra L.

4

4

3.5

   

2

3

3

4

4

4

Sanicula europaea L.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

3

2

3

4

4

3

Saponaria officinalis L.

4

4

4.5

2

2

2.5

2

3

3

4

4

4

Saxifraga exarata Vill.

2

1

1.0

2

3

3.0

5

5

4

2

1

1

Saxifraga moschata Wulf

2

1

1.0

2

3

3.0

5

5

4

4

1

1

Scilla siberica Hav

3

3

4.0

3

2

3.0

3

3

3

3

4

3

Scleranthus annus L.

4

4

3.5

1

3

2.5

4

4

4

2

2

3

Sedum acre L.

2

3

3.0

1

1

1.0

5

5

4

3

2

2

Sedum album L.

5

3

3.0

1

1

1.0

5

4

3

4

2

2

Sedum annuum L.

3

2

2.0

1

2

1.5

5

5

3

2

2

2

Sedum hispanicum L.

3

4

3.5

1

2

2.5

5

4

3

3

2

3

Sedum spurium Bieb.

5

5

4.0

1

2

2.0

5

4

3

3

2

3

Sedum stoloniferum S.G. Gmelin

5

 

3.5

1

 

3.0

5

4

3

3

2

3

Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring.

2

3

3.0

3

4

3.5

2

3

2

4

4

2

Sideritis montana L.

5

5

5.0

1

1

1.0

5

4

4

4

1

4

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke

2

3

3.0

3

2

2.5

3

4

3

3

2

2

Sisymbrium irio L.

4

5

4.5

2

2

1.5

3

4

3

3

2

4

Sisymbrium loeselii L.

4

5

4.0

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

2

4

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.

4

3

3.5

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

2

4

Solidago virgaurea L.

4

4

3.5

3

3

2.5

3

2

2

3

4

3

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.

4

4

3.5

3

3

3.5

4

4

4

3

2

4

Spergula arvensis L.

5

3

3.5

2

3

3.0

4

3

4

2

2

4

Spergularia rubra (L.) J.& C.Presl.

4

3

3.5

3

3

1.5

3

4

3

2

2

2

Stachys annua (L.) L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.5

4

4

3

4

2

4

Stachys germanica L.

3

5

4.5

2

1

2.0

3

4

3

4

2

3

Stachys silvatica L.

4

4

3.5

3

4

3.5

2

3

3

3

2

4

Stellaria holostea L.

3

5

4.5

4

3

3.0

2

2

2

2

2

3

Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

4

3

3.0

3

3

3.0

3

3

2

3

2

4

Stipa pennata L.

5

4

4.0

1

1

1.0

4

5

4

4

4

2

Stipa pulcherrima C.Koch

5

5

4.5

1

1

1.0

4

5

4

5

4

2

Symphytum asperum Lepech.

3

5

4.5

4

3

3.0

3

3

2

3

3

4

Tamus communis L.

4

4

4.5

4

3

3.5

2

3

3

4

4

3

Tanacetum vulgare L.

4

4

4.5

2

2

3.5

4

4

2

3

4

4

Taraxacum officinale Wigg.

4

3

3.0

2

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

2

4

Teucrium polium L.

4

 

4.5

1

 

1.5

5

4

4

5

1

2

Teucrium scordioides Schreb.

4

 

5.0

4

 

4.5

3

4

5

4

4

3

Thalictrum alpinum L.

1

1

1.5

3

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

2

2

Thalictrum foetidum L.

2

2

2.5

2

2

1.5

3

4

3

4

3

2

Thesium alpinum L.

2

2

2.0

2

3

3.0

3

4

3

3

2

2

Thlaspi arvense L.

4

3

3.5

2

3

3.0

3

4

3

3

2

4

Thlaspi perfoliatum L.

4

4

4.5

2

2

2.5

3

3

3

4

2

3

Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC.

3

4

4.0

3

3

3.0

3

3

3

4

2

4

Traunsteinera globosa (L.) Reichenb.

3

2

2.0

3

3

3.5

4

4

3

4

2

3

Trifolium alpestre L.

3

4

4.0

2

2

1.5

3

3

3

4

2

2

Trifolium arvense L.

4

4

4.0

2

1

1.5

3

4

4

2

1

2

Trifolium aureum Poll.

3

3

3.5

2

2

2.5

4

4

3

2

3

2

Trifolium campestre Schreb.

3

4

4.0

2

2

2.5

4

4

3

3

3

2

Trifolium fragiferum L.

4

4

4.0

4

3

3.0

3

4

4

4

2

2

Trifolium pratense L.

3

3

3.5

3

3

3.0

3

4

3

3

3

3

Trifolium repens L.

4

3

3.0

2

3

3.0

4

4

3

3

3

4

Trifolium spadiceum L.

2

2

2.5

3

4

4.0

4

4

3

2

2

2

Triglochin palustris L.

3

3

2.5

5

4

4.0

4

5

3

4

1

2

Trisetum flavescens (L.) Beauv.

3

3

3.0

2

3

3.0

4

4

4

3

2

4

Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm.

4

4

4.5

3

1

2.5

3

4

3

4

2

3

Turritis glabra L.

4

4

3.5

2

2

2.5

3

3

3

3

2

4

Tussilago farfara L.

4

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

3

4

3

4

3

3

Urtica dioica L.

3

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

2

3

3

3

5

5

Urtica urens L.

3

3

3.0

2

2

2.0

3

4

3

4

5

5

Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert

4

4

4.0

3

1

1.5

3

4

2

4

2

3

Vaccinium myrtillus L.

2

3

2.5

3

3

3.0

3

2

2

1

1

2

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.

2

2

2.5

3

3

2.5

3

3

2

1

1

2

Valeriana officinalis L.

3

4

4.0

3

4

4.0

3

3

3

4

3

3

Verbascum blattaria L.

4

5

4.5

4

2

2.5

3

4

4

4

4

4

Verbascum phoeniceum L.

4

5

5.0

2

1

1.5

4

4

4

4

2

3

Verbascum thapsus L.

4

4

4.0

2

2

2.5

3

4

4

3

3

4

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.

4

4

3.5

4

5

4.5

3

4

2

3

3

4

Veronica arvensis L.

4

4

3.5

3

3

2.5

3

3

4

4

3

3

Veronica beccabunga L.

4

4

3.0

   

3

3

2

3

3

4

Veronica chamaedrys L.

      

3

3

3

4

2

3

Veronica dillenii Crantz

2

4

3.5

1

1

1.0

4

4

4

2

2

1

Veronica filiformis Smith

4

4

4.0

3

3

3.5

3

4

2

3

4

4

Veronica officinalis L.

3

3

3.0

3

2

2.0

2

3

3

2

2

2

Veronica persica Poir.

4

4

3.5

2

3

3.0

4

4

4

4

2

4

Veronica polita Fries.

4

4

3.5

   

3

4

4

4

3

3

Veronica serpyllifolia L.

3

4

3.5

4

3

3.0

3

4

2

3

3

4

Veronica verna L.

3

4

4.0

2

1

1.0

4

4

2

2

2

1

Viburnum lantana L.

4

4

3.5

2

2

2.0

2

3

3

4

2

2

Vicia sativa L.

4

5

4.5

2

3

3.0

3

4

3

4

3

3

Vicia sepium L.

3

3

3.5

2

3

3.0

3

3

4

3

3

3

Viola alba Bess.

4

5

4.5

3

3

2.5

2

3

3

4

4

3

Viola arvensis Murr.

4

3

3.5

2

3

2.5

3

3

4

3

3

3

Viola biflora L.

2

2

2.0

2

4

4.0

4

2

4

3

2

4

Viola canina L.

2

3

3.0

2

3

2.5

3

4

3

2

2

2

Viola kitaibeliana Schultes

3

5

4.5

2

2

1.5

4

4

3

3

2

2

Viola montana L.

2

3

3.0

3

3

3.5

2

3

3

2

4

2

Viola odorata L.

3

4

4.0

3

3

3.0

2

3

3

3

4

4

Vulpia myuros (L.) C. C.Gmel.

5

5

4.5

1

1

1.0

4

4

4

3

2

3

Woodsia alpina (Bolt.) S.F.Gray

2

2

1.5

4

2

3.5

3

3

3

2

2

2

Xeranthemum cylindraceum Sibth.

4

5

5.0

2

1

1.0

4

4

3

4

3

2

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Nakhutsrishvili, G., Batsatsashvili, K., Rudmann-Maurer, K., Körner, C., Spehn, E. (2017). New Indicator Values for Central Caucasus Flora. In: Nakhutsrishvili, G., Abdaladze, O., Batsatsashvili, K., Spehn, E., Körner, C. (eds) Plant Diversity in the Central Great Caucasus: A Quantitative Assessment. Geobotany Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55777-9_6

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