Skip to main content

Management of Non-muscle-Invasive and Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Principles and Practice of Urooncology

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC) is the 7th most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, while it declines to 11th when both sexes are considered. The worldwide age-standardized incidence rate (per 100,000 person/years) is 9.0 for men and 2.2 for women. Europe has among the highest incidence rates of BC in the world, where the age-standardized incidence rate is 19.1 for men and 4.0 for women. The overall burden was greater in men; however varying incidence trends by gender were reported recently in some countries, with rates drop in male and increase in female population. The management of BC should be tailored according to the disease stage, grade, and patient-related factors at the presentation. In this chapter, we will discuss the management of non-muscle-invasive disease and the surgical management of muscle-invasive disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Antoni S, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Znaor A, Jemal A, Bray F. Bladder cancer incidence and mortality: a global overview and recent trends. Eur Urol. 2016;71:96–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):7–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Miller KD, Siegel RL, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, Kramer JL, Rowland JH, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(4):271–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Babjuk M, Bohle A, Burger M, Capoun O, Cohen D, Comperat EM, et al. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: update 2016. Eur Urol. 2017;71:447–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kamat AM, Hahn NM, Efstathiou JA, Lerner SP, Malmstrom PU, Choi W, et al. Bladder cancer. Lancet. 2016;338:2796–810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Epstein JI. The new World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) classification for TA, T1 bladder tumors: is it an improvement? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;47(2):83–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Humphrey PA, Moch H, Cubilla AL, Ulbright TM, Reuter VE. The 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs-part B: prostate and bladder tumours. Eur Urol. 2016;70(1):106–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bladder cancer: diagnosis and management. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guidance; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Tan WS, Rodney S, Lamb B, Feneley M, Kelly J. Management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a comprehensive analysis of guidelines from the United States, Europe and Asia. Cancer Treat Rev. 2016;47:22–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brausi M, Witjes JA, Lamm D, Persad R, Palou J, Colombel M, et al. A review of current guidelines and best practice recommendations for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer by the International Bladder Cancer Group. J Urol. 2011;186(6):2158–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hall MC, Chang SS, Dalbagni G, Pruthi RS, Seigne JD, Skinner EC, et al. Guideline for the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1, and Tis): 2007 update. J Urol. 2007;178(6):2314–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Guevara A, Salomon L, Allory Y, Ploussard G, de la Taille A, Paul A, et al. The role of tumor-free status in repeat resection before intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for high grade Ta, T1 and CIS bladder cancer. J Urol. 2010;183(6):2161–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sfakianos JP, Kim PH, Hakimi AA, Herr HW. The effect of restaging transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol. 2014;191(2):341–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Divrik RT, Yildirim U, Zorlu F, Ozen H. The effect of repeat transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with T1 tumors of the bladder who received intravesical mitomycin: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2006;175(5):1641–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Miladi M, Peyromaure M, Zerbib M, Saighi D, Debre B. The value of a second transurethral resection in evaluating patients with bladder tumours. Eur Urol. 2003;43(3):241–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Baltaci S, Bozlu M, Yildirim A, Gokce MI, Tinay I, Aslan G, et al. Significance of the interval between first and second transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with maintenance intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. BJU Int. 2015;116(5):721–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kaasinen E, Rintala E, Hellstrom P, Viitanen J, Juusela H, Rajala P, et al. Factors explaining recurrence in patients undergoing chemoimmunotherapy regimens for frequently recurring superficial bladder carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2002;42(2):167–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Perlis N, Zlotta AR, Beyene J, Finelli A, Fleshner NE, Kulkarni GS. Immediate post-transurethral resection of bladder tumor intravesical chemotherapy prevents non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrences: an updated meta-analysis on 2548 patients and quality-of-evidence review. Eur Urol. 2013;64(3):421–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, Holmang S, Sydes MR, Birtle A, Gudjonsson S, et al. Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing a single immediate instillation of chemotherapy after transurethral resection with transurethral resection alone in patients with stage pTa-pT1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: which patients benefit from the instillation? Eur Urol. 2016;69(2):231–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hendricksen K, Witjes WP, Idema JG, Kums JJ, van Vierssen Trip OB, de Bruin MJ, et al. Comparison of three schedules of intravesical epirubicin in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2008;53(5):984–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Huncharek M, Geschwind JF, Witherspoon B, McGarry R, Adcock D. Intravesical chemotherapy prophylaxis in primary superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 3703 patients from 11 randomized trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(7):676–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Malmstrom PU, Sylvester RJ, Crawford DE, Friedrich M, Krege S, Rintala E, et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guerin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2009;56(2):247–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kamat AM, Porten S. Myths and mysteries surrounding bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2014;65(2):267–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Witjes JA, Kurth K. Bacillus calmette-guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol. 2005;174(1):86–91. discussion-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sylvester RJ, van der MA, Lamm DL. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol. 2002;168(5):1964–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bohle A, Bock PR. Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Urology. 2004;63(4):682–6. discussion 6–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Giurioli A, Valenti M, Zampa G, Storti L, et al. Sequential BCG and electromotive mitomycin versus BCG alone for high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(1):43–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Brausi M, Oddens J, Sylvester R, Bono A, van de Beek C, van Andel G, et al. Side effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in the treatment of intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder: results of the EORTC genito-urinary cancers group randomised phase 3 study comparing one-third dose with full dose and 1 year with 3 years of maintenance BCG. Eur Urol. 2014;65(1):69–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Arends TJ, Nativ O, Maffezzini M, de Cobelli O, Canepa G, Verweij F, et al. Results of a randomised controlled trial comparing intravesical chemohyperthermia with mitomycin C versus Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for adjuvant treatment of patients with intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2016;69(6):1046–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW. Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. 1976. J Urol. 2002;167(2 Pt 2):891–3. discussion 3–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Palou J, Laguna P, Millan-Rodriguez F, Hall RR, Salvador-Bayarri J, Vicente-Rodriguez J. Control group and maintenance treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin for carcinoma in situ and/or high grade bladder tumors. J Urol. 2001;165(5):1488–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Badalament RA, Herr HW, Wong GY, Gnecco C, Pinsky CM, Whitmore WF Jr, et al. A prospective randomized trial of maintenance versus nonmaintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy of superficial bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5(3):441–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD, Montie JE, Gottesman JE, Lowe BA, et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Urol. 2000;163(4):1124–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mostafid AH, Palou Redorta J, Sylvester R, Witjes JA. Therapeutic options in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer during the current worldwide shortage of bacille Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol. 2015;67(3):359–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Veeratterapillay R, Heer R, Johnson MI, Persad R, Bach C. High-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer-therapy options during intravesical BCG shortage. Curr Urol Rep. 2016;17(9):68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Oddens J, Brausi M, Sylvester R, Bono A, van de Beek C, van Andel G, et al. Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers group randomized study of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin in intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: one-third dose versus full dose and 1 year versus 3 years of maintenance. Eur Urol. 2013;63(3):462–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lammers RJ, Witjes JA, Inman BA, Leibovitch I, Laufer M, Nativ O, et al. The role of a combined regimen with intravesical chemotherapy and hyperthermia in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2011;60(1):81–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL, Capelli G, Navarra P, Massoud R, et al. Intravesical electromotive mitomycin C versus passive transport mitomycin C for high risk superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized study. J Urol. 2003;170(3):777–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Shelley MD, Jones G, Cleves A, Wilt TJ, Mason MD, Kynaston HG. Intravesical gemcitabine therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC): a systematic review. BJU Int. 2012;109(4):496–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bilensoy E, Sarisozen C, Esendagli G, Dogan AL, Aktas Y, Sen M, et al. Intravesical cationic nanoparticles of chitosan and polycaprolactone for the delivery of Mitomycin C to bladder tumors. Int J Pharm. 2009;371(1–2):170–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Erdogar N, Iskit AB, Mungan NA, Bilensoy E. Prolonged retention and in vivo evaluation of cationic nanoparticles loaded with Mitomycin C designed for intravesical chemotherapy of bladder tumours. J Microencapsul. 2012;29(6):576–82.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Erdogar N, Iskit AB, Eroglu H, Sargon MF, Mungan NA, Bilensoy E. Cationic core-shell nanoparticles for intravesical chemotherapy in tumor-induced rat model: safety and efficacy. Int J Pharm. 2014;471(1–2):1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Erdogar N, Iskit AB, Eroglu H, Sargon MF, Mungan NA, Bilensoy E. Antitumor efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin loaded cationic nanoparticles for intravesical immunotherapy of bladder tumor induced rat model. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2015;15(12):10156–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kamat AM, Sylvester RJ, Bohle A, Palou J, Lamm DL, Brausi M, et al. Definitions, end points, and clinical trial designs for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: recommendations from the international bladder cancer group. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(16):1935–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Lamm D, Persad R, Brausi M, Buckley R, Witjes JA, Palou J, et al. Defining progression in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: it is time for a new, standard definition. J Urol. 2014;191(1):20–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jarow J, Maher VE, Tang S, Ibrahim A, Kim G, Sridhara R, et al. Development of systemic and topical drugs to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Bladder Cancer. 2015;1(2):133–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Lerner SP, Dinney C, Kamat A, Bivalacqua TJ, Nielsen M, O’Donnell M, et al. Clarification of bladder cancer disease states following treatment of patients with intravesical BCG. Bladder Cancer. 2015;1(1):29–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Bouffioux C, Denis L, et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol. 2006;49(3):466–5. discussion 75–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Cambier S, Sylvester RJ, Collette L, Gontero P, Brausi MA, van Andel G, et al. EORTC nomograms and risk groups for predicting recurrence, progression, and disease-specific and overall survival in non-muscle-invasive stage Ta-T1 urothelial bladder cancer patients treated with 1–3 years of maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol. 2016;69(1):60–9.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kamat AM, Gee JR, Dinney CP, Grossman HB, Swanson DA, Millikan RE, et al. The case for early cystectomy in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive micropapillary bladder carcinoma. J Urol. 2006;175(3 Pt 1):881–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Segal R, Yafi FA, Brimo F, Tanguay S, Aprikian A, Kassouf W. Prognostic factors and outcome in patients with T1 high-grade bladder cancer: can we identify patients for early cystectomy? BJU Int. 2012;109(7):1026–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Martin-Doyle W, Leow JJ, Orsola A, Chang SL, Bellmunt J. Improving selection criteria for early cystectomy in high-grade t1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 15,215 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(6):643–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Willis DL, Fernandez MI, Dickstein RJ, Parikh S, Shah JB, Pisters LL, et al. Clinical outcomes of cT1 micropapillary bladder cancer. J Urol. 2015;193(4):1129–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Alfred Witjes J, Lebret T, Comperat EM, Cowan NC, De Santis M, Bruins HM, et al. Updated 2016 EAU guidelines on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:462–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Challacombe BJ, Bochner BH, Dasgupta P, Gill I, Guru K, Herr H, et al. The role of laparoscopic and robotic cystectomy in the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with special emphasis on cancer control and complications. Eur Urol. 2011;60(4):767–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kessler TM, Burkhard FC, Studer UE. Clinical indications and outcomes with nerve-sparing cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32(2):165–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Patel SG, Cookson MS, Barocas DA, Clark PE, Smith JA Jr, Chang SS. Risk factors for urothelial carcinoma of the prostate in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2009;104(7):934–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bruins HM, Djaladat H, Ahmadi H, Sherrod A, Cai J, Miranda G, et al. Incidental prostate cancer in patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma: comprehensive analysis of 1476 radical cystoprostatectomy specimens. J Urol. 2013;190(5):1704–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bi L, Huang H, Fan X, Li K, Xu K, Jiang C, et al. Extended vs non-extended pelvic lymph node dissection and their influence on recurrence-free survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. BJU Int. 2014;113(5b):E39–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. May M, Herrmann E, Bolenz C, Brookman-May S, Tiemann A, Moritz R, et al. Association between the number of dissected lymph nodes during pelvic lymphadenectomy and cancer-specific survival in patients with lymph node-negative urothelial carcinoma of the bladder undergoing radical cystectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(7):2018–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Herr HW. Extent of surgery and pathology evaluation has an impact on bladder cancer outcomes after radical cystectomy. Urology. 2003;61(1):105–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Herr H, Lee C, Chang S, Lerner S. Bladder Cancer Collaborative G. Standardization of radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for bladder cancer: a collaborative group report. J Urol. 2004;171(5):1823–8. discussion 7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Juergen E, Gschwend MMH, Lehmann J, Ruebben H, Albers P, Heidenreich A, de Geeter P, Wolff JM, Frohneberg D, Schnoeller T, Kälble T, Stoeckle M, Stenzl A, Mueller M. Limited versus extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy: Survival results from a prospective, randomized trial (LEA AUO AB 25/02). J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(Suppl):4503.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lerner SP, Tangen CM, Svatek RS, Koppie TM, Alva A, La Rosa FG, Pal SK, Daneshmand S, Dinney CPN, Kibel AS, Pohar K, Canter DJ, Kassouf W, Bangs R, Thompson IM. A phase iii surgical trial to evaluate the benefit of a standard versus an extended pelvic lymphadenectomy performed at time of radical cystectomy for muscle invasive urothelial cancer: SWOG S1011 (NCT #01224665). J Urol. 2015;193(4):e807.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Aziz A, May M, Burger M, Palisaar RJ, Trinh QD, Fritsche HM, et al. Prediction of 90-day mortality after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in a prospective European multicenter cohort. Eur Urol. 2014;66(1):156–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Isbarn H, Jeldres C, Zini L, Perrotte P, Baillargeon-Gagne S, Capitanio U, et al. A population based assessment of perioperative mortality after cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Urol. 2009;182(1):70–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lavallee LT, Schramm D, Witiuk K, Mallick R, Fergusson D, Morash C, et al. Peri-operative morbidity associated with radical cystectomy in a multicenter database of community and academic hospitals. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e111281.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Daneshmand S, Ahmadi H, Schuckman AK, Mitra AP, Cai J, Miranda G, et al. Enhanced recovery protocol after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Urol. 2014;192(1):50–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Persson B, Carringer M, Andren O, Andersson SO, Carlsson J, Ljungqvist O. Initial experiences with the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in open radical cystectomy. Scand J Urol. 2015;49(4):302–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Morgan TM, Barocas DA, Keegan KA, Cookson MS, Chang SS, Ni S, et al. Volume outcomes of cystectomy – is it the surgeon or the setting? J Urol. 2012;188(6):2139–44.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ravi P, Bianchi M, Hansen J, Trinh QD, Tian Z, Meskawi M, et al. Benefit in regionalisation of care for patients treated with radical cystectomy: a nationwide inpatient sample analysis. BJU Int. 2014;113(5):733–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bochner BH, Dalbagni G, Sjoberg DD, Silberstein J, Keren Paz GE, Donat SM, et al. Comparing open radical cystectomy and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Urol. 2015;67(6):1042–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Khan MS, Gan C, Ahmed K, Ismail AF, Watkins J, Summers JA, et al. A single-centre early phase randomised controlled three-arm trial of open, robotic, and laparoscopic radical cystectomy (CORAL). Eur Urol. 2016;69(4):613–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Leow JJ, Reese SW, Jiang W, Lipsitz SR, Bellmunt J, Trinh QD, et al. Propensity-matched comparison of morbidity and costs of open and robot-assisted radical cystectomies: a contemporary population-based analysis in the United States. Eur Urol. 2014;66(3):569–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Smith ND, Castle EP, Gonzalgo ML, Svatek RS, Weizer AZ, Montgomery JS, et al. The RAZOR (randomized open vs robotic cystectomy) trial: study design and trial update. BJU Int. 2015;115(2):198–205.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Hautmann RE, de Petriconi RC, Volkmer BG. Lessons learned from 1000 neobladders: the 90-day complication rate. J Urol. 2010;184(3):990–4. quiz 1235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Monn MF, Kaimakliotis HZ, Cary KC, Pedrosa JA, Flack CK, Koch MO, et al. Short-term morbidity and mortality of Indiana pouch, ileal conduit, and neobladder urinary diversion following radical cystectomy. Urol Oncol. 2014;32(8):1151–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kim SH, Yu A, Jung JH, Lee YJ, Lee ES. Incidence and risk factors of 30-day early and 90-day late morbidity and mortality of radical cystectomy during a 13-year follow-up: a comparative propensity-score matched analysis of complications between neobladder and ileal conduit. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2014;44(7):677–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lee RK, Abol-Enein H, Artibani W, Bochner B, Dalbagni G, Daneshmand S, et al. Urinary diversion after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: options, patient selection, and outcomes. BJU Int. 2014;113(1):11–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Palapattu GS, Lotan Y, Rogers CG, Amiel GE, et al. Outcomes of radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary series from the Bladder Cancer Research Consortium. J Urol. 2006;176(6 Pt 1):2414–22; discussion 22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R, Groshen S, Feng AC, Boyd S, et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1054 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(3):666–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Abdollah F, Gandaglia G, Thuret R, Schmitges J, Tian Z, Jeldres C, et al. Incidence, survival and mortality rates of stage-specific bladder cancer in United States: a trend analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013;37(3):219–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. Aydin Mungan M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tinay, I., Mungan, N.A. (2017). Management of Non-muscle-Invasive and Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancers. In: Ozyigit, G., Selek, U. (eds) Principles and Practice of Urooncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56114-1_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56114-1_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56113-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56114-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics