Skip to main content

Contextual Reasoning in Human Cognition and the Implications for Artificial Intelligence Systems

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Modeling and Using Context (CONTEXT 2017)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 10257))

Abstract

It has been widely known that reasoning with and about context is an essential aspect of human cognition, permeating language, memory, and reasoning capabilities. This integral process is developed over a lifetime through experiential learning. Given that one goal of artificial intelligence has been to create human-like intelligence in a machine, it is essential to include such contextual considerations in system design and implementation. This paper extends the discussion about contextual reasoning in humans and how modeling it in a computer program can help to get closer to the ultimate intelligent machine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sternberg, R.J.: Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sternberg, R.J., Wagner, R.K., Williams, W.M., et al.: Testing common sense. Am. Psychol. 50, 912–927 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Light, P.E., Butterworth, G.E.: Context and cognition: Ways of learning and knowing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Smith, S.M., Glenberg, A., Bjork, R.A.: Environmental context and human memory. Mem. Cognit. 6, 342–353 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Glucksberg, S., Kreuz, R.J., Rho, S.H.: Context can constrain lexical access: implications for models of language comprehension. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 12, 323–335 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Andre, T., Sola, J.: Imagery, verbatim and paraphrased questions and retention of meaningful sentences. J. Educ. Psychol. 68, 661–669 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Baddeley, A.D.: Domains of recollection. Psychol. Rev. 89, 708–729 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Parker, J.E., Hollister, D.L., Gonzalez, A.J., Brézillon, P., Parker, S.T.: Looking for a synergy between human and artificial cognition. In: Brézillon, P., Blackburn, P., Dapoigny, R. (eds.) CONTEXT 2013. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 8175, pp. 45–58. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40972-1_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Tang, J., Yang, Y., Carton, S., et al.: Context-Aware Natural Language Generation with Recurrent Neural Networks. arXiv e-prints (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bowers, J.S., Mattys, S.L., Gage, S.H.: Preserved implicit knowledge of a forgotten childhood language. Psychol. Sci. 20, 1064–1069 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gernsbacher, M.A.: Less skilled readers have less efficient suppression mechanisms. Psychol. Sci. 4, 294–298 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Dennett, D.C.: Cognitive wheels: the frame problem of AI. Lang. Thought 3, 217 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Piaget, J.: The development of thought: equilibration of cognitive structures (Trans A. Rosin). Viking, Greenwood (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wyer, R.S., Srull, T.K.: Handbook of Social Cognition: Applications. Psychology Press, Abingdon (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Godden, D.R., Baddeley, A.D.: Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: on land and underwater. Br. J. Psychol. 66, 325–331 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Drace, S., Ric, F., Desrichard, O.: Affective biases in likelihood perception: a possible role of experimental demand in mood congruence effects. Revue internationale de psychologie sociale 23, 93–110 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., Nadel, L.: Episodic memory updating: the role of context familiarity. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 18, 787–797 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bateson, M.C.: Composing a Further Life: The Age of Active Wisdom. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, New York City (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Löckenhoff, C.E., De Fruyt, F., Terracciano, A., et al.: Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates. Psychol. Aging 24, 941–954 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Van Den Heuvel-Panhuizen, M.: The role of contexts in assessment problems in mathematics. Learn. Math. 25, 2–23 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pennycook, G., Thompson, V.A.: Base-rate neglect. Cognitive Illusions Intriguing Phenomena in Judgement Thinking and Memory, pp. 44–61 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bronfenbrenner, U., Morris, P.A.: The bioecological model of human development. Handbook Child Psychology, pp. 37–43 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Shiraev, E.B., Levy, D.: Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking And Contemporary Applications, vol. 3. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Baltes, P.B., Kunzmann, U.: Wisdom. Psychologist 16, 131–133 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  25. CDC, ZIKA and pregnancy, 18 April 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/question-answers.html

  26. Abravanel, E., Ferguson, S.A.: Observational learning and the use of retrieval information during the second and third years. J. Genet. Psychol. 159, 455–476 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Vygotsky, L.S., Cole, M.: Mind in Society. Harvard University Press, ‎Cambridge (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sorce, J.F., Emde, R.N., Campos, J.J., et al.: Maternal emotional signaling: its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1-year-olds. Dev. Psychol. 21, 195 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Danker, J.F., Anderson, J.R.: The ghosts of brain states past: remembering reactivates the brain regions engaged during encoding. Psychol. Bull. 136, 87–102 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Piaget, J.: The Moral Judgment of the Child. Routledge & Kegan, Abingdon (1932)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bernier, A., Carlson, S.M., Whipple, N.: From external regulation to self-regulation: early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning. Child Dev. 81, 326–339 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Hammond, S., Müller, U., Ji, C., et al.: The effects of parental scaffolding on preschoolers’ executive function. Dev. Psychol. 48, 271–281 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rothbaum, F., Trommsdorff, G.: Do roots and wings complement or oppose one another? The socialization of relatedness and autonomy in cultural context, pp. 461–489 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bandura, A.: Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 52, 1–26 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Raush, H.L., Barry, W.A., Hertel, R.K., et al.: Communication conflict and marriage. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Treisman, A.M.: Contextual cues in selective listening. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 12, 242–248 (1960)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Gonzalez, A.J., Stensrud, B.S., Barrett, G.: Formalizing context-based reasoning: a modeling paradigm for representing tactical human behavior. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 23, 822–847 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hollister, J., Parker, S.T., Gonzalez, A.J., DeMara, R.: An extended turing test: a context based approach designed to educate youth in computing. In: Brézillon, P., Blackburn, P., Dapoigny, R. (eds.) CONTEXT 2013. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 8175, pp. 213–221. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40972-1_16

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  39. Fernlund, H.K., Gonzalez, A.J., Georgiopoulos, M., et al.: Learning tactical human behavior through observation of human performance. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B (Cybernetics) 36, 128–140 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Brézillon, P.: Representation of procedures and practices in contextual graphs. Knowl. Eng. Rev. 18, 147–174 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Turner, R.M.: Context-mediated behavior for AI applications. In: Mira, J., Pobil, A.P., Ali, M. (eds.) IEA/AIE 1998. LNCS, vol. 1415, pp. 538–545. Springer, Heidelberg (1998). doi:10.1007/3-540-64582-9_785

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  42. Abowd, G.D., Dey, A.K., Brown, P.J., Davies, N., Smith, M., Steggles, P.: Towards a better understanding of context and context-awareness. In: Gellersen, H.-W. (ed.) HUC 1999. LNCS, vol. 1707, pp. 304–307. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). doi:10.1007/3-540-48157-5_29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Debra L. Hollister .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

Hollister, D.L., Gonzalez, A., Hollister, J. (2017). Contextual Reasoning in Human Cognition and the Implications for Artificial Intelligence Systems. In: Brézillon, P., Turner, R., Penco, C. (eds) Modeling and Using Context. CONTEXT 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10257. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57837-8_48

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57837-8_48

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57836-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57837-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics