Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene Nanoribbons: A Review

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
GraphITA

Part of the book series: Carbon Nanostructures ((CARBON))

Abstract

In the last few years, several methods have been proposed for the production of ultra-narrow stripes of graphene, called graphene nanoribbons, which could find several applications in nano- and opto-electronics. However, every production method gives rise to different types of ribbons, in terms of structural quality, width, edge pattern, and type of functional groups. In this review, we compare the Raman spectrum of graphene nanoribbons produced by different techniques by focusing on the effect of different structural parameters, such as width and edge-patterns. Effects due to changes in the lateral dimension are also discussed by comparing the Raman spectrum of ultra-narrow graphene nanoribbons with the spectrum of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and defective graphene.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Novoselov, K.S., Falko, V.I., Colombo, L., Gellert, P.R., Schwab, M.G., Kim, K.: Nature 490, 192–200 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: Nature Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Torres, L.E.F., Roche, S., Charlier, J.-C.: Introduction to Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: From Electronic Structure to Quantum Transport. Cambridge University press (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Nakada, K., Fujita, M., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S.: Phys. Rev. B 54, 17954 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wakabayashi, K., Fujita, M., Ajiki, H., Sigrit, M.: Phys. Rev. B 59, 8271 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Han, M., Ozylmaz, B., Zhang, Y., Kim, P.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 206805 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bischoff, D., Güttinger, J., Dröscher, S., Ihn, T., Ensslin, K., Stampfer, C.: J. Appl. Phys. 109, 073710 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ryu, S., Maultzsch, J., Han, M.Y., Kim, P., Brus, L.E.: ACS Nano 5, 4123–4130 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang, X., Dai, H.: Nature Chem. 2, 661 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Campos, L.C., Manfrinato, V.R., Sanchez-Yamagishi, J.D., Kong, J., Jarillo-Herrero, P.: Nano Lett. 9, 2600 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Datta, S.S., Strachan, D.R., Khamis, S.M., Johnson, A.T.C.: Nano Lett. 8, 1912 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wei, D., Xie, L., Lee, K.K., Hu, Z., Tan, S., Chen, W., Sow, C.H., Chen, K., Liu, Y., Wee, A.T.S.: Nat. Commun. 4, 1374 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kosynkin, D.V., Lu, W., Sinitskii, A., Pera, G., Sun, Z., Tour, J.M.: ACS Nano 5, 968 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gong, Y., et al.: Phys Rev B 87, 165404 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shimizu, T., Haruyama, J., Marcano, D.C., Kosinkin, D.V., Tour, J.M., Hirose, K., Suenaga, K.: Nat. Nano 6, 45–50 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Li, Y.-S., Liao, J.-L., Wang, S.-Y., Chiang, W.-H.: Sci. Rep. 6, Article number: 22755 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cataldo, F., et al.: Carbon 48, 2596 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cano-Marquez, A.G., et al.: Nano Lett. 9, 1527 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jiao, L., Wang, X., Diankov, G., Wang, H., Dai, H.: Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 321 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Jiao, L., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Diankov, G., Dai, H.: Nature 458, 877 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Elías, A.L., Botello-Méndez, A.R., Meneses-Rodríguez, D., Jehová González, V., Ramírez-González, D., Ci, L., Muñoz-Sandoval, E., Ajayan, P.M., Terrones, H., Terrones, M., Nano Lett. 10, 366 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zhu, Y., Tour, J.M.: Nano Lett. 10, 4356 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Magda, G.Z., Jin, X., Hagymási, I., Vancsó, P., Osváth, Z., Nemes-Incze, P., Hwang, C., Biró, L.P., Tapasztó, L.: Nature 514, 608 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Li, X., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Lee, S., Dai, H.: Science 319, 1229 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ren, X.D., Liu, R., Zheng, L.M., Ren, Y.P., Hu, Z.Z., He, H.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 071904 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Higginbotham, A.L., Kosynkin, D.V., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Tour, J.M.: ACS Nano 4, 2059 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Campos-Delgado, J., et al.: Nano Lett. 8, 2773 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhang, J., et al.: J. Alloys and Comp. 649, 933 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Suzuki, H., et al.: Nature. Commun. 7, 11797 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Sokolov, A.N., et al.: Nature. Commun. 4, 2402 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lu, X., et al.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 113103 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Jacobberger, R.M., et al.: Nature Comms 6, 68006 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Martin-Fernandez, I., Wang, D., Zhang, Y.: Nano Lett. 12, 6175 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Cai, J., Ruffieux, P., Jaafar, R., Bieri, M., Braun, T., Blankenburg, S., Muoth, M., Seitsonen, A.P., Saleh, M., Feng, X., et al.: Nature 466, 470–473 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ruffieux, P., Wang, S., Yang, B., Sánchez-Sánchez, C., Liu, J., Dienel, T., Talirz, L., Shinde, P., Pignedoli, C.A., Passerone, D., Dumslaff, T., Feng, X., Müllen, K., Fasel, R.: Nature 531, 489–492 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Huang, H., et al.: Scientific Reports 2, 983 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Fogel, Y., Zhi, L., Rouhanipour, A., Andrienko, D., Rader, H.J., Mullen, K.: Macromolecules 42, 6878 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Dossel, L., Gherghel, L., Feng, X., Mullen, K.: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 2540 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Schwab, M.G., Narita, A., Hernandez, Y., Balandina, T., Mali, K.S., De Feyter, S., Feng, X., Muellen, K.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 18169 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Narita, A., Feng, X., Hernandez, Y., Jensen, S.A., Bonn, M., Yang, H., Verzhbitskiy, I.A., Casiraghi, C., Hansen, M.R., Koch, A.H.R., Fytas, G., Ivasenko, O., Li, B., Mali, K.S., Balandina, T., Mahesh, S., De Feyter, S., Muellen, K.: Nat. Chem. 6, 126 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Narita, A., Verzhbitskiy, I.A., Frederickx, W., Mali, K.S., Jensen, S.A., Hansen, M.R., Bonn, M., De Feyter, S., Casiraghi, C., Feng, X., Müllen, K.: ACS Nano 8, 11622 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gao, J., Uribe-Romo, F.J., Saathoff, J.D., Arslan, H., Crick, C.R., Hein, S.J., Itin, B., Clancy, P., Dichtel, W.R., Loo, Y.-L.: ACS Nano 10, 4847 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Vo, T., Shekhirev, M., Kunkel, D.A., Morton, M.D., Berglund, E., Kong, L., Wilson, P.M., Dowben, P.A., Enders, A., Sinitskii, A.: Nat. commun. 5, 3189 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ferrari, A.C., Robertson, J.: Raman spectroscopy of amorphous, nanostructured, diamond-like carbon, and nanodiamond. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 362, 2477 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Jorio, A., Saito, R., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S.: Raman Spectroscopy in Graphene Related Systems. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Casiraghi, C.: Raman spectroscopy of graphene. In: Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds: Techniques, Materials and Applications, vol. 43, pp. 29–56. The Royal Society of Chemistry (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ferrari, A.C., Robertson, J.: Phys. Rev. B 64, 075414 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Eckmann, A., Felten, A., Verzhbitskiy, I., Davey, R., Casiraghi, C.: Phys. Rev. B 88, 35426 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Igami, M., Fujita, M., Mizuno, S.: Appl. Surf. Sci. 130–132, 870 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Kawai, T., Miyamoto, Y., Sugino, O., Koga, Y.: Phys. Rev. B 62, R16349 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Yamamoto, T., Watanabe, K., Mii, K.: Phys. Rev. B 70, 245402 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhou, J., Dong, J.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 173108 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Vandescuren, M., Hermet, P., Meunier, V., Henrard, L., Lambin, Ph: Phys. Rev. B 78, 195401 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Malola, S., Hakkinen, H., Koskinen, P.: Eur. Phys. J. D 52, 71 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Yamada, M., Yamakita, Y., Ohno, K.: Phys. Rev. B 77, 054302 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Gillen, R., Mohr, M., Maultzsch, J., Thomsen, C.: Phys. Rev. B 80, 155418 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Gillen, R., Mohr, M., Maultzsch, J.: Phys. Rev. B 81, 205426 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Verzhbitskiy, I., et al.: Nano Lett. 16, 3442 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Yang, W., Lucotti, A., Tommasini, M., Chalifoux, W.A.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 9137–9144 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Tuinstra, F., Koenig, J.L.: J. Chem. Phys. 53, 1126–1130 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Ferrari, A.C., Robertson, J.: Phys. Rev. B 61, 14095–14107 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Thomsen, C., Reich, S.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5214–5217 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Baranov, A.V., et al.: Opt. Spectroscopy 62, 612–616 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Cançado, L.G., et al.: Nano Lett. 11, 3190–3196 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Martins Ferreira, E.H., Moutinho, M.V.O., Stavale, F., Lucchese, M.M., Capaz, R.B., Achete, C.A., Jorio, A.: Phys. Rev. B 82, 125429 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Eckmann, A., Felten, A., Mishchenko, A., Britnell, L., Krupke, R., Novoselov, K.S., Casiraghi, C.: Nano Lett. 12, 3925 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Casiraghi, C., Ferrari, A.C., Robertson, J.: Phys. Rev. B 72, 085401 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Casiraghi, C., Hartschuh, A., Qian, H., Piscanec, S., Georgi, C., Fasoli, A., Novoselov, K.S., Basko, D.M., Ferrari, A.C.: Nano Lett. 9, 1433 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Cançado, L.G., et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 247401 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Stankovich, S., et al.: Carbon 45, 1558 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Maghsoumi, A., et al.: J. Raman Spectrosc. 46, 757 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Castiglioni, C., Tommasini, M., Zerbi, G.: Raman spectroscopy of polyconjugated molecules and materials: confinement effect in one and two dimensions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 362, 2425–2459 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Son, Y.-W., Cohen, M.L., Louie, S.G.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 216803 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Prezzi, D., Varsano, D., Ruini, A., Marini, A., Molinari, E.: Phys. Rev. B 77, 041404(R) (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Piscanec, S., Lazzeri, M., Mauri, F., Ferrari, A.C., Robertson, J.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 185503 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Tanaka, T., Tajima, A., Moriizumi, R., Hosoda, M., Ohno, R., Rokuta, E., Oshima, C., Otani, S.: Solid State Commun. 123, 33 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Rao, A.M., Richter, E., Bandow, S., Chase, B., Eklund, P.C., Williams, K.A., Fang, S., Subbaswamy, K.R., Menon, M., Thess, A., Smalley, R.E., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S.: Science 275, 187 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge A.C. Ferrari for useful discussions; I. Verzibisky, M. Tommasini, C. Stampfer, and D. Bischoff for providing some of the Raman spectra in Fig. 1.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    C. Casiraghi

  2. CNR-Nanoscience Institute, S3 Center, Modena, Italy

    D. Prezzi

Authors
  1. C. Casiraghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Prezzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to C. Casiraghi or D. Prezzi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. CNR-IMM Section of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Vittorio Morandi

  2. Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

    Luca Ottaviano

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Casiraghi, C., Prezzi, D. (2017). Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene Nanoribbons: A Review. In: Morandi, V., Ottaviano, L. (eds) GraphITA . Carbon Nanostructures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58134-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation