Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthetic Insecticides: The Backbone of Termite Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Termites and Sustainable Management

Part of the book series: Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ((SUPP))

Abstract

Termite management has been a challenge since time immemorial. In good old days, plant products have been used with limited success. With the discovery of organochlorine pesticides, the use of chemicals gained an impetus in management. Due to longer persistence and health hazards, the use of organochlorine pesticides was banned in most countries. However, for several decades, chlordane, heptachlor, lindane, etc. were mainly used for termite management. Subsequently organophosphates and pyrethroids replaced organochlorines in this scenario. Organophosphates and pyrethroids repel termites, but due to their highly toxic nature, ready availability, and relatively inexpensiveness, they are still being used in developing countries for management.

Termite management practices changed dramatically with the advent of newer molecules, viz., neonicotinoid (imidacloprid), phenylpyrazole (fipronil), pyrrole (chlorfenapyr), oxadiazine (indoxacarb), anthranilic diamide (chlorantraniliprole), etc. Majority of these compounds are of the slow-acting and non-repellent type. The termites fail to detect these insecticides and continue to forage in the treated soil for longer period and carry lethal amount of the toxicant to be later transferred to their nestmates. This behavior and the properties of the new molecules prompted research on bait technologies. Termite baiting has developed tremendously and has been commercialized over last three decades. Various bait matrices and bait stations have been developed successfully. The activity of termiticides varies widely depending on the soil characteristics and properties, as soil plays an important role in the success of management practices. With these new termiticides, fairly long-term barriers could be established around wooden structures and buildings. Optimal termite management still remains a challenge and depends widely on the type of termiticides available, soil type, cropping system, expertise available, type of structure/building, and economics of the procedure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agarwala, S. B. D. (1955). Control of termites (1946–1953). Journal of Economic Entomology, 48, 533–537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, M. A. I., & Saba, R. M. (2014). Comparative toxicological evaluation between different formulations of two selected neonicotinoid pesticides on Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8, 1169–1174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Shiday, B. M., & French, J. R. J. (2013). The efficacy of flufenoxuron as potential bait toxicant against termites. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8, 3688–3694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, S., Riaz, M. A., & Hussain, A. (2007). Assessment of the damaged and population of termites (Odontotermes & Unicolor) under various methods of insecticide application. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 9, 125–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, M. A. I., Eraky, S. A., Fakeer, M., & Soliman, A. S. (2014). Toxicity assessment of selected neonicotinoid pesticides against the sand termite, Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux workers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) under laboratory conditions. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8, 238–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, M. A. I., Eraky, S. A., Mahmoud, F. M., & Soliman, A. S. (2015). Potential toxicity assessment of novel selected pesticides against sand termite, Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux workers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) under field conditions in Egypt. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 55, 193–197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altson, R. A. (1947). A fungus parasitic on Coptotermes curvignathus, Holmgr. Nature, 160, 120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2002). Pest Control, 70, S1–S23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, J. W., Glenn, G. J., & Gold, R. E. (2008). Protecting urban infrastructure from Formosan termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) attack: A case study for United States Railroads. Sociobiology, 51, 231–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagnères, A. G., Pichon, A., Hope, J., Davis, R., & Clément, J. L. (2009). Contact versus feeding intoxication by fipronil in Reticulitermes termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): Laboratory evaluation of toxicity, uptake, clearance, and transfer among individuals. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102, 347–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, R. H., & Carter, F. L. (1968). Initial soil penetration by insecticide emulsions used for subterranean termite control. Journal of Economic Entomology, 61, 380–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, R. H., & Kais, V. (1962). Apparent infection of subterranean termites by Aspergillus flavus. Insect Pathology, 4, 488–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard, R. L. (1974). Termite biology and bait-block method of control. Connecticut Agr Esp Sta Bull 748.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beeson, C. F. C. (1941). The ecology and control of forest insects in India and the neighbouring countries. Government of India, ii+ 1008 pp. Dehra Dun (Vasant Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhagawati, S., Bhattacharyya, B., Mishra, H., & Gogoi, D. (2014). Chemical management of termites (Odontotermes obesus) in preserved setts of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5, 856–859.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokhtiar, S. M., & Sakurai, K. (2005). Integrated use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of sugarcane in high Ganges river floodplain soils of Bangladesh. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36, 1823–1837.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucias, D. G., Stokes, C., Storey, G., & Penland, J. C. (1996). The effects of imidacloprid on the termite Reticulitermes flavipes and its interactions with the mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Pflanzenschutz-Nachr Bayer, 49, 103–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleghorn, H. F. C. (1861). The forests and gardens of South India. London: WH Allen Co.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cordova, D., Benner, E. A., Sacher, M. D., Rauh, J. J., Sopa, J. S., Lahm, G. P., Selby, T. P., Stevenson, T. M., Flexner, L., Gutteridge, S., Rhoades, D. F., Wu, L., Smith, R. M., & Tao, Y. (2006). Anthranilic diamides: A new class of insecticides with a novel mode of action, ryanodine receptor activation. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 84, 196–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cropper, M. L., Evans, W. N., Berardi, S. J., Ducla-Soares, M. M., & Portney, P. R. (1992). The determinants of pesticide regulation: A statistical analysis of EPA decision making. Journal of Political Economy, 100, 175–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. W., & Kamble, S. T. (1992). Distribution of subslab injected Dursban TC (chlorpyrifos) in a loamy sand soil when used for subterranean termite control. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48, 585–591.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. H., & McOmie, W. A. (1939). New diseases of termites caused by bacteria. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 32, 137–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgarde, S., & Rouland, L. C. (2002). Evaluation of the effects of thiamethoxam on three species of African termite (Isoptera: Termitidae) crop pests. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95, 531–536.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doppelreiter, V. H., & Korioth, M. (1981). Entwicklungshemmung durch Diflubenzuron bei den Bodentermiten Heterotermes indicola und Reticulitermes flavipes. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 91, 131–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R., & Mill, A. E. (1986). Termites in buildings: Their biology and control. East Grinstead: Rentokil Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erhorn, E. M. (1934). The termites of Hawaii, their significance and control, and the distribution of termites by commerce. In C. A. Kofoid (Ed.), Termites and termite control (pp. 321–333). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esenther, G. R., & Beal, R. H. (1974). Attractant-mirex bait suppresses activity of Reticuliternes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 67, 85–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esenther, G. R., & Beal, R. H. (1978). Insecticidal baits on field plot perimeters suppress Reticulitermes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 71, 604–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esenther, G. R., & Gray, D. E. (1968). Subterranean termite studies in southern Onrurio. Canadian Entomology, 100, 827–834.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forschler, B. T. (1994). Survivorship and tunneling activity of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in response to termiticide soil barriers with and without gaps of untreated soil. Journal of Entomological Science, 29, 43–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forschler, B. T., & Townsend, M. L. (1996). Mortality of eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) exposed to four soils treated with termiticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89, 678–681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, J. R. J. (1991). Baiting techniques for control of Coptotermes species within existing buildings in Australia. In M. I. Haverty, & W.W. Wilmx (Eds.), Proceedings of symposium of current research on wood-destroying organisms (pp. 46–50). USDA forest service’ general technical report PSW-128, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Froggatt, W. W. (1905). Economic entomology white ants (Termitidae) with suggestions for dealing with them in houses and orchards. The Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 16(632–656), 753–774.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullaway, D. T. (1920). Termites, or white ants, in Hawaii. Hawaiian Agriculture, 17, 294–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gahlhoff, J., & Koehler, P. (1999). To kill or not to kill? Pest Control Technology, 27, 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gahlhoff, J. E., & Koehler, P. G. (2001). Penetration of the eastern subterranean termite into soil treated at various thicknesses and concentrations of Dursban TC and Premise 75. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94, 486–491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, D., Zhu, B., Gan, H. S., & Yuan, S. (1985). A new toxic bait for the control of forest-infesting termites. Journal of Nanjing Institute, 3, 128–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, G. J., & Gold, R. E. (2003). Evaluation of commercial termiticides and baiting systems for pest management of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 41, 193–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, R. E., Howell, H. N., Jr., Pawson, B. M., Wright, M. S., & Lutz, J. C. (1996). Persistence and bioavailability of termiticide to subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from five soil types and locations in Texas. Sociobiology, 28, 337–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, K. A., Herrick, J., & Lemma, H. (2001). Refuse to refuge: Dry season use and modification of cattle dung by subterranean termites in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Biotropica, 33, 121–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, J. K., & Yamamoto, R. T. (1994). Simulation of remedial borate treatments intended to reduce attack on Douglas-fir lumber by the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87, 1547–1554.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, J. K., Abdallay, A., & Farr, K. R. (1989). Eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) foraging territories and populations in Toronto. Canadian Entomologist, 121, 551–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, J. K., Yates, J. R., Tamashiro, M., & Yamamoto, R. T. (1993). Persistence of organochlorine insecticides for Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) control in Hawaii. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86, 761–765.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, J. K., Tome, C. H. M., Shelton, T. G., Oshiro, R. J., & Yates, J. R. (1996). Baiting studies and considerations with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Hawaii. Sociobiology, 28, 511–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunasekara, A. S., Truong, T., Goh, K. S., Spurlock, F., & Tjeerdema, R. S. (2007). Environmental fate and toxicology of fipronil. Journal of Pesticide Science, 32, 189–199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, B. D. (1959). Studies on the control of termites in sugarcane. Proceedings of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, 10, 961–977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haagsma, K. A., & Rust, M. K. (2005). Effect of hexaflumuron on mortality of the western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) during and following exposure and movement of hexaflumuron in termite groups. Pest Management Science, 61, 517–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haagsma, K. A., & Rust, M. K. (2007). The effect of imidacloprid on mortality, activity, and horizontal transfer in the western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 50, 1127–1148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafez, M. (1980). Highlights of the termite problem in Egypt. Sociology, 5, 147–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, W. V. (1961). Termites, their recognition and control (p. 187). London: Longmans Green and Co. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, W. V. (1971). Termites: Their recognition and control (2nd ed.p. 186). London: Longmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C. (1972). Factors influencing the effectiveness of soil insecticides. Annual Review of Entomology, 17, 177–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, K. F. (1988). Sublethal effects of neurotoxic insecticides on insect behavior. Annual Review of Entomology, 33, 149–168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, G., & Forschler, B. T. (1997). Termite bait tests. Louisiana Agriculture, 40, 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickin, N. E. (1971). Termites: A world problem (1st ed.). London: Hutchinson and Co. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, X. P. (2005). Evaluation of efficacy and nonrepellency of indoxacarb and fipronil treated soil at various concentrations and thicknesses against two subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 98, 509–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, X. P., & Hickman, B. (2006). Exterior perimeter plus limited interior treatments with fipronil as an IPM option for subterranean termite management. International Pest Control, 48, 200–203.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, X. P., Song, D., & Scheler, C. (2005). Transfer of indoxacarb among workers of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): Effects of dose, donor/recipient ratio, and post-exposure time. Pest Management Science, 61, 1209–1214.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, X. P., Song, D., & Presley, W. (2006). Horizontal and vertical transfer of fipronil within functional colonies. In T. Sutphin, B. Cartwright, & R. Houseman (Eds.), Proceedings of 2006 national conference on urban entomology, 21–24 May 2006 (pp. 39–44). North Carolina: Raleigh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, S. A., Henderson, G., & Fei, H. (2003). Toxicity, repellency, and horizontal transmission of fipronil in the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 96, 461–467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal, N., & Saeed, S. (2013). Toxicity of six new chemical insecticides against the termite, Microtermes mycophagus D. (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45, 709–713.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, R., Ito, T., & Shinjo, G. (1989). Efficacy of fenitrothion microcapsule against termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). II Transmissibility of fenitrothion through grooming. Applied Entomology and Zoology (Japanese), 24, 213–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, F. P. (1930). The control of tea termites. Tropical Agriculture, 75, 191–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. C. (1984). Evaluation of two insect growth regulators for the bait-block method of subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) control. Journal of Economic Entomology, 77, 1086–1091.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalshoven, L. G. E. (1955). The ability of Coptotermes to locate exposed timber. Idea, 10, 43–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur, A. P., & Bose, G. (1972). Termite problems in tropical ecology in India. In Termite problems in India (pp. 31–37). New Delhi: Biological Research Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kard, B. M. (1998). Premise termiticide field test results. Pest Control, 66, 64–65,105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kard, B. (2001). Gulfport studies stay the course. Pest Control, 69, 30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kard, B. M. (2003). Integrated pest management of subterranean termites (Isoptera). Journal of Entomological Science, 38, 200–224.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kard, B. M., Mauldin, J. K., & Jones, S. C. (1989). Evaluation of soil termiticides for control of subterranean termites (Isoptera). Sociobiology, 15, 285–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keuchenius, P. E., Corporaal, J. B., & vijanden van, D. (1922). Hevea brasiliensis (animal enemies of Hevea brasiliensis) In N. L. Swart, A. A. L. Rutgers, & J. H. de Bussy (Eds), Handboek voor de rubber cultuur in Nederlandsch-Indie (Handbook for rubber culture in Netherlands-India) (pp. 216–229).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kevorkian, A. G. (1937). Studies in the entomophthoraceae. I. Observations on the genus Conidiobolus. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 21, 191–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, K. I., Fazal, Q., & Jafri, R. H. (1977). Pathogenicity of locally discovered Bacillus thuringiensis strain to the termites: Heterotermes indicola (Wassman) and Microcerotermes championi (Snyder). Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research, 29, 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, E. G., & Spink, W. T. (1969). Foraging galleries of the Formosan termite, Coptotermes formosanus, in Louisiana. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 537–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kofoid, C. A., Light, S. F., Horner, A. C., Randall, M., Herms, W. B., & Bowe, E. E. (1934). Termites and termite control. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramm, K. R., West, D. F., & Rockenbach, P. G. (1982). Termite pathogens: Transfer of the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae between Reticulitermes sp. termites. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 40, 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krejzová, R. (1971). Infektionsversuche mit einigen Entomophthora-Arten bei den termiten Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki) und Reticulitermes lucifugus (Rossi). Entomophaga, 16, 221–231. (in German).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, P. Y. (1977). Biology and ecology of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and its susceptibility to the entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarrhizium anisopliae. PhD dissertation, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

    Google Scholar 

  • Lax, A. R., & Osbrink, W. L. A. (2003). United States Department of Agriculture—Agriculture Research Service research on targeted management of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Pest Management Science, 59, 788–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. Y., Vongkaluang, C., & Lenz, M. (2007). Challenges to subterranean termite management of multi-genera faunas in Southeast Asia and Australia. Sociobiology, 50, 213–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, M. (1976). The dependence of hormone effects in termite caste determination on external factors. In M. LuÈscher (Ed.), Phase and caste determination in insects. Endocrine aspects (pp. 73–89). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, M. (2002). Termite problem species and management of termite problems in Australia. Sociobiology, 40, 11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, M., & Evans, T. A. (2002). Termite bait technology: Perspectives from Australia. In S. C. Jones, J. Zhai, W. H. Robertson, & S. C. Charleston (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th international conference on urban pests (pp. 27–36).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, M., & Runko, S. (1994). Protection of buildings, other structures and materials in ground contact from attack by subterranean termites (Isoptera) with a physical barrier – A fine mesh of high grade stainless steel. Sociobiology, 24, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, J. W. M., Cowie, R. H., & Wood, T. G. (1990). Termite (Isoptera) control in agriculture and forestry by non-chemical methods: A review. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 80, 309–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LuÈscher, M. (1958). Ueber die Entstehung der Soldaten bei Termiten. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 65, 372–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, A. E. (1962). Subterraneans and their environment – New concepts of termite ecology. Pest Control, 30, 60–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, A. E. (1965). Piggyback bacteria can kill termite colony. Pest Control, 33, 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, A. E. (1966). US Patents 3249,492; 3249,439; 3249,494; 3249,500; 3249,501

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, A. E. (1971). Microbial control of termites. In H. D. Burges & N. W. Hussey (Eds.), Microbial control of insects and mites (pp. 385–386). London: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mando, A., & Stroosnijder, L. (1999). The biological and physical role of mulch in the system wide program on integrated pest management. IPM Research Briefs, 2, 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mando, A., Brussaard, L., & Stroosnijder, L. (1999). Termites and mulch mediated rehabilitation of vegetation on crusted soil in West Africa. Restoration Ecology, 7, 33–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manzoor, F., & Pervez, M. (2014). Efficacy of Biflex and Fipronil in controlling subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in different soils types in Pakistan. In B. T. Forschler (Ed.), 10th Pacific-termite research group conference held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, February 26–28, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzoor, F., Sayyed, A. H., Rafique, T., & Malik, S. A. (2012). Toxicity and repellency of different insecticides against Heterotermes indicola (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22, 65–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mao, L., Henderson, G., & Scherer, C. W. (2011). Toxicity of seven termiticides on the Formosan and eastern subterranean termites. Journal of Economic Entomology, 104, 1002–1008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCall, P. J., Swann, R. L., Laskowski, D. A., Vrona, S. A., Unger, S. M., & Dishburger, H. J. (1979). Prediction of chemical mobility in soil from sorption coefficients. In Proceedings of aquatic toxic hazard (pp. 49–58). Philadelphia: ASTM.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, S. F., Annis, G. D., Shapiro, R., Piotrowski, D. W., Lahm, G. P., Long, J. K., Lee, K. C., Hughes, M. M., Myers, B. J., & Griswold, S. M. (2001). The discovery of indoxacarb: Oxadiazines as a new class of pyrazoline-type insecticides. Pest Management Science, 57, 53–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, J. H., & Ford, A. L. (1916). Life history and habits of two new nematodes parasitic on insects. Journal of Agricultural Research, 6, 115–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mix, J. (1988). King of the hill. Pest Control, 56, 34–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moharram, A. M., Bagy, M. M. K., & Abdel-Galil, F. A. (1992). Fungi associated with the sand termite Psammotermes hypostoma in Assiut, Egypt. Mycologia, 84, 930–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myles, T. G. (1996). Development and evaluation of a transmissible coating for control of subterranean termites. Sociobiology, 28, 373–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan, E. S., & Rattan, L. (1952). A short review of recorded information on the control of termites damaging crops in India, along with results of recent control experiments at Delhi. Indian Journal of Entomology, 14, 21–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nauen, R., & Bretschneider, T. (2001). New modes of action of insecticides. Pesticide Outlook, 13, 241–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ngee, P. S., Yoshimura, T., & Lee, C. Y. (2004). Foraging populations and control strategies of subterranean termites in the urban environment, with special reference to baiting. Japanese Journal of Environmental Entomology and Zoology, 15, 197–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • NPCA (National Pest Control Association). (1985). Approved reference procedures for subterranean termite control. Dunn Loring: NPCA Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osbrink, W. L. A., & Lax, A. R. (2002). Effect of tolerance to insecticides on substrate penetration by Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 95, 989–1000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osbrink, W. L. A., Lax, A. R., & Brenner, R. J. (2001). Insecticide susceptibility in Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes virginicus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94, 1217–1228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Page, R. Z. (1966). Affidavit submitted to the US Navy, Hawaii (p. 46)

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, R. Z. (1967). Termite control by induced epizootics of entomophagous microorganisms. US patent #3337,395.

    Google Scholar 

  • PANNA. (2009). PAN pesticides database – Pesticide products. Pesticide action network, North America. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Product.jsp?REG_NR=00796900210&DIST_NR=007969

  • Parihar, D. R. (1985). Crop termite damage in Indian desert and its control in castor. Zeitschrift furAngewandte Zoologie, 72, 309–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton, R., & Miller, L. R. (1980). Control of Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera: Mastrotermitidae) with mirex baits. Australian Forestry Research, 10, 249–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawson, B. M., & Gold, R. E. (1996). Evaluation of baits for termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Texas. Sociobiology, 28, 485–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pemberton, C. E. (1928). Nematodes associated with termites in Hawaii, Borneo and Celebes. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 7, 148–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. (2010). Considerations of soil-applied insecticides for termite control. Outlooks on Pest Management, 21, 89–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. J., Gerard, P. D., & Ems-Wilson, J. (2004). Recommendations for treated-area choice assays with termites (Isoptera). Sociobiology, 44, 171–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, M. F. (1997). Termites. In D. Moreland (Ed.), Handbook of pest control (pp. 233–332). Cleveland: Mallis Handbook and Technical Training Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, M. F., & Hillery, A. E. (2002). Exterior-targeted liquid termiticides: an alternative approach to managing subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in buildings. Sociobiology, 39, 373–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, M. F., & Hillery, A. E. (2003). Trench warfare. Pest Control Technology, 31, 28–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prestwich, G. D., Mauldin, J. K., Engstrom, J. B., Carvalho, J. F., & Cupo, D. Y. (1983). Comparative toxicity of fluorinated lipids and their evaluation as bait-block toxicants for the control of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 76, 690–695.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quarcoo, F. Y., Appel, A. G., & XP, H. (2010). Effects of indoxacarb concentration and exposure time on onset of abnormal behaviors, morbundity, and death in eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103, 762–769.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan, R., Suiter, D. R., Nakatsu, C. H., & Bennett, G. W. (2000). Feeding inhibition and mortality in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) after exposure to imidacloprid-treated soils. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 422–428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rana, J. S., Ombir, & Dahiya, K. K. (2001). Management of termite, Microtermes obesi (Holmgren) in wheat, Triticum aestivum through seed treatment. Annales Biologiques, 17, 207–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, M., & Doody, T. C. (1934). Poison dusts. I. Treatments with poisonous dusts. In C. A. Kofoid (Ed.), Termites and termite control (pp. 463–476). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rath, A. C. (2000). The use of entomopathogenic fungi for control of termites. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 10, 563–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, B. L., Brinkmann, R., Smith, G., Ishizaka, K., Palis, B., & DeVilliers, V. (2002). Imidacloprid use in termite control operations globally and changing use patterns in the United States. In S. C. Jones, J. Zhai, & W. H. Robertson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th international conference on urban pests, 7–10 July 2002, Charleston, South Carolina (pp. 355–368). Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remmen, L. N., & Su, N. Y. (2005). Tunneling and mortality of eastern and Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in sand treated with thiamethoxam or fipronil. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98, 906–910.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ripa, R., Paola Luppichini, S. N. Y., & Michael, K. R. (2007). Field evaluation of potential control strategies against the invasive eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Chile. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100, 1391–1399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roonwal, M. L. (1979). Termite life and termite control in tropical South Asia (p. 177). Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roonwal, M. L., & Chhotani, O. B. (1961). Termite fauna of Assam region, Eastern India (p. 406). Monograph, Zoological Survey of India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roonwal, M. L., & Chhotani, O. B. (1967). Indian wood-destroying termites. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 63, 354–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, M. K. (1986). Managing household pests. In G. W. Bennett & J. M. Owens (Eds.), Advances in urban pest management (pp. 335–368). New York: Van Nostrand Reihald Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust, M. K., & Saran, R. K. (2006). Toxicity, repellency, and transfer of chlorfenapyr against western subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99, 864–872.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rust, M. K., & Saran, R. K. (2008). Toxicity, repellency, and effects of acetamiprid on western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101, 1360–1366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman, S., & Yaron, B. (1986). Pesticides in soil. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos, C. A., DeSouza, O., & Guedes, R. N. C. (2004). Social facilitation attenuating insecticide-driven stress in termites (Isoptera: Nasutitermitinae). Sociobiology, 44, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saran, R. K., & Rust, M. K. (2007). Toxicity, uptake, and transfer efficiency of fipronil in western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 100, 495–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saran, R. K., Ziegler, M., Kudlie, S., Harrison, D., Leva, D. M., Scherer, C., & Mark, A. C. (2014). Behavioral effects and tunneling responses of eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) exposed to chlorantraniliprole-treated soils. Journal of Economic Entomology, 107, 1878–1889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sattar, A., & Salihah, Z. (2001, September 24–26). Detection and control of subterranean termites. In Technologies for sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of national workshop (pp. 195–198). NIAB, Faisalabad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffrahn, R. H., Su, N. Y., & Busey, A. (1997). Laboratory and field evaluations of selected chemical treatments for control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 90, 492–502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoknecht, U., Rudolph, D., & Hertel, H. (1994). Termite control with microencapsulated permethrin. Pesticide Science, 40, 49–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekamatte, M. B., Ogenga-Latigo, M., & Russell-Smith, A. (2003). Effects of maize-legume intercrops on termite damage to maize, activity of predatory ants and maize yields in Uganda. Crop Protection, 22, 87–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen-Sarma, P. K., Thakur, M. L., Mishra, S. C., & Gupta, B. K. (1975). Wood destroying termites in India (p. 187). Dehradun: Forest Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, T. G., Bell, C. D., & Wagner, T. L. (2005). Lack of transfer of permethrin among nestmates of Reticulitermes flavipes in laboratory trials (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 45, 69–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, T. G., Mulrooney, J. E., & Wagner, T. L. (2006). Transfer of chlorfenapyr among workers of Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the laboratory. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99, 886–892.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, T. G., Fye, D., & Ulyshen, M. (2014). U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service Termiticide Report for 2013. Pest Management Professional, 82, 42–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver, K. S., & Soderlund, D. M. (2005). Action of pyrazoline-type insecticides at neuronal target sites. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 81, 136–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M., & Singh, N. B. (2001). Application of insecticide for termite control and its effect on yield contributing characters in sugarcane. Sugar Tech, 3, 146–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M., & Singh, N. B. (2002). Bud damage due to termites in sugarcane. Cooperative Sugar, 33, 655–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., & Rust, M. K. (1990). Tunneling response and mortality of the western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to soil treated with termiticides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83, 1395–1401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., & Rust, M. K. (1993). Cellulose and clay in sand affects termiticide treatments. Journal of Economic Entomology, 86, 53–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A., Pereira, R. M., & Koehler, P. G. (2008). Relative repellency and lethality of the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and acetamiprid and an acetamiprid/bifenthrin combination to Reticulitermes flavipes termites. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101, 1881–1887.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smythe, R. V., & Coppel, H. C. (1965). The susceptibility of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and other termite species to an experimental preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 7, 423–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smythe, R. V., & Coppel, H. C. (1966). Pathogenicity of externally occurring fungi to Reticulitermes flavipes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 8, 266–267.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song, D., & Hu, X. P. (2006). Effects of dose, donor–recipient interaction time and ratio on fipronil transmission among the Formosan subterranean termite nestmates (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 48, 237–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spomer, N. A., & Kamble, S. T. (2011). Temporal changes in chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb in four midwestern soils and bioefficacy against the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 104, 990–1001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spomer, N. A., Kamble, S. T., Warriner, R. A., & Davis, R. W. (2008). Influence of temperature on rate of uptake and subsequent horizontal transfer of [14C] fipronil by eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101, 902–908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spomer, N. A., Kamble, S. T., & Siegfried, B. D. (2009). Bioavailability of chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb to eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in various soils. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102, 1922–1927.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • St. George, R. A. (1952). Tests with new insecticides for termite control. Pest Control, 20, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadykov, S. I. (1970). The use of entomopathogenic bacteria for the control of termites. Journal of Economic Entomology, 49, 1144–1149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y. (1994). Field evaluation of hexaflumuron bait for population suppression of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87, 389–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y. (2005). Response of the Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to baits or nonrepellent termiticides in extended foraging arenas. Journal of Economic Entomology, 98, 2143–2152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y. (2007). Hermetically sealed baits for subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 100, 475–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1986). A method to access, trap, and monitor field populations of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the urban environment. Sociobiology, 12, 299–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1988). Foraging population and territory of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in an urban environment. Sociobiology, 14, 353–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1990). Comparison of eleven soil termiticides against the Formosan subterranean termite and eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83, 1918–1924.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1996). A review of the evaluation criteria for bait-toxicant efficacy against field colonies of subterranean termites (Isoptera). Sociobiology, 28, 521–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1998). A review of subterranean termite control practices and prospects for integrated pest management programmes. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 3, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Tamashiro, M., Yates, J. R., & Haverty, H. I. (1982). Effect of behaviour on the evaluation of insecticides for prevention of or remedial control of the formosan subterranean termite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 75, 188–193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Tamashiro, M., & Haverty, M. I. (1985). Effects of three insect growth regulators, feeding substrates, and colony origin on survival and presoldier production of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 78, 1259–1263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Tamashiro, M., & Haverty, M. I. (1987). Characterization of slow-acting insecticides for the remedial control of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 80, 1–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Scheffrahn, R. H., & Ban, P. M. (1989). Method to monitor initiation of aerial infestations by alates of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in high-rise buildings. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82, 1643–1645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Thoms, E. M., Ban, P. M., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1995). Monitoring/baiting station to detect and eliminate foraging populations of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) near structures. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88, 932–936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Ban, P. M., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1997a). Remedial baiting with hexaflumuron in above-ground stations to control structure-infesting population of Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 90, 809–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Chew, V., Wheeler, G., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1997b). Comparison of tunneling responses into insecticide treated soil by field populations and laboratory groups of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 90, 503–509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Ban, P. M., Chew, V., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1999a). Size and edge effects of concrete plots on chlorpyrifos degradation in sub-slab sand. Journal of Economic Entomology, 92, 409–415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Ban, P. M., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (1999b). Longevity and efficacy of pyrethroid and organophosphate termiticides in field degradation studies using miniature slabs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 92, 890–898.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Ban, P. M., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (2001). Control of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) using commercial prototype above ground stations and hexaflumuron baits. Sociobiology, 37, 111–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, N. Y., Ban, P., & Scheffrahn, R. H. (2004). Polyethylene barrier impregnated with Lambda-cyhalothrin for exclusion of subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) from structures. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97, 570–574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swoboda, L. E., Miller, D. M., Fell, R. J., & Mullins, D. E. (2004). The effects of nutrient compounds (sugars andamino-acids) on bait consumption by Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 44, 547–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamashiro, M. (1968). Susceptibility of termites to microbes (p. 7). A research proposal submitted to the office of Naval Research, Department of entomology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamashiro, M., Yates, J. R., & Ebesu, R. H. (1987). The Formosan subterranean termite in Hawaii: Problems and control. In M. Tamashiro & N. Y. Su (Eds.), Biology and control of the Formosan subterranean termite (pp. 15–22). Honolulu: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur, C., Prasad, A. R., & Singh, R. P. (1956). The use of different doses and formulations of aldrin and dieldrin against termites and their effect on soil fertility. Indian Journal of Sugarcane Research and Development, 1, 50–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thakur, C., Butani Dhamo, K., & Prasad, A. R. (1957). Pests of sugarcane. Eekh Samachar, 4, 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, B. L., & Breisch, N. L. (2001). Effects of sublethal exposure to imidacloprid on subsequent behavior of subterranean termite Reticulitermes virginicus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 94, 492–498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, B. L., & Forschler, B. T. (2000). Criteria for assessing efficacy of stand-alone termite bait treatments at structures. Sociobiology, 36, 245–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillman, P. G., Hammes, G. G., Sacher, M., Connair, M., Brady, E. A., & Wing, K. D. (2002). Toxicity of a formulation of the insecticide indoxacarb to the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) and the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Pest Management Science, 58, 92–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomalski, M. D., & Vargo, E. L. (2004). Chain reaction. Pest Control, 72, 51–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toumanoff, C., & Rombau, J. (1965). Action de certains champignons entomophages, cultivés sur les milieux appropriés attractifs, sur le termite de Saintonge Reticulitermes santonensis (de Feytaud). Annales Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 40, 605–609. (in French).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toumanoff, C., & Toumanoff, C. (1959). Les épizooties dues à Serratia marcescens Bizio chez un termite (Reticulitermes santonensis de Feytaud). Comptes Rendus Hébdomadaires de l’Academie Agricole Française, 45, 216–218. (in French).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsunoda, K. (2006). Transfer of fipronil, a nonrepellent termiticide, from exposed workers of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to unexposed workers. Sociobiology, 47, 563–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsunoda, K., Matsuoka, H., & Yoshimura, T. (1998). Colony elimination of Reticulitermes speratus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) by bait application and the effect on foraging territory. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91, 1383–1386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USDA (US Department of Agriculture). (1951). Decay and termite damage in houses. US Department of Agriculture Farmer’s Bull 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valles, S. M., & Woodson, W. D. (2002). Group effects on insecticide toxicity in workers of Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Pest Management Science, 58, 769–774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valles, S. M., Oi, F. M., Wagner, T., & Brenner, R. J. (2000). Toxicity and in vitro metabolism of t-permethrin in eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 93, 1259–1264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Zwaluwenberg, R. H. (1916). Report of entomologist. Annuul Report Porto Rico Agr Esp Sra 1915: 4245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, E. L., & Husseneder, C. (2009). Biology of subterranean termite: Insights from molecular studies of Reticulitermes and Coptotermes. Annual Review of Entomology, 54, 379–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, M., Sharma, S., & Prasad, R. (2009). Biological alternative for termite control: A review. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 63, 959–972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, T., Peterson, C., & Shelton, T. (2011). Termiticide efficacy reports 2010. Pest Management Professional, 2011, 28–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. A. L. (1988). Termites in the Canberra region (2nd ed.). Canberra: CSIRO Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, K. D., Sacher, M., Kagaya, Y., Tsuruvuchi, Y., Mulderig, L., Connair, M., & Schnee, M. (2000). Bioactivation and mode of action of the oxadiazine indoxacarb in insects. Crop Protection, 19, 537–545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolcott, G. N. (1924). The comparative resistance of woods to the attack of the termite Cryprotermes brevis Walker. Porro Rico lnsulur Exp Stu BUN, 33, 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeoh, B. H., & Lee, C. Y. (2007). Tunneling responses of the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi in termiticide-treated sand (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 50, 457–478.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Bishwajeet Paul & Sharda Singh

  2. ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research Regional Station, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    K. Shankarganesh

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Md. Aslam Khan

Authors
  1. Bishwajeet Paul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sharda Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. Shankarganesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Md. Aslam Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bishwajeet Paul .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

    Md. Aslam Khan

  2. Department of Zoology, Section of Nematology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Wasim Ahmad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Paul, B., Singh, S., Shankarganesh, K., Khan, M.A. (2018). Synthetic Insecticides: The Backbone of Termite Management. In: Khan, M., Ahmad, W. (eds) Termites and Sustainable Management. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68726-1_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation