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An Integrated Geophysical and Geological Interpretation of the Southern African Lithosphere

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Geology of Southwest Gondwana

Part of the book series: Regional Geology Reviews ((RGR))

Abstract

Southern Africa, here taken as the region that comprises the Kalahari and southern Congo Cratons, and the important orogenic belts that surrounded or separated them during the assembly of Gondwana, was situated in the heart of the supercontinent. As such, the region is an ideal site to study the lithospheric structure, composition and evolution of the supercontinent. A plethora of data sets, both geological and geophysical, are available in the public domain, including outcrop mapping, drilling results, aeromagnetic, gravity and magnetotelluric surveys, allowing mapping of extensive regions under cover. Deeper penetrating seismic reflection, refraction and teleseismic data, and also magnetotelluric data, have allowed the lithospheric interpretation to be extended to the middle and lower crust, and to the upper mantle. Interpretation has included, inter alia, mapping, or refinement of existing mapping, of the craton boundaries and associated terranes; major faults, structural lineaments and ring structures; specific features which have a geophysical expression, such as the Witwatersrand Basin, the Xade Complex and the tectonostratigraphic zones of the Damara-Ghanzi-Chobe Orogenic Belt; the Namaqua-Natal Belt and extensions thereof as the Maud Belt in Antarctica, as well as associated features such as the Beattie Magnetic Anomaly and Southern Cape Conductivity Belt; and the Namibian volcanic passive margin. Interpretations of the large-scale seismic, electrical resistivity, geomagnetic induction and magnetotelluric data by many workers have revealed conductive zones, terrane boundaries and continental-scale shear zones concealed by younger strata, and yielded important insights into the deep structure and evolution of the subcontinent. The topography of the Moho and the Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary has also been mapped, showing that the Archaean Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe and Congo Cratons have deep roots that are relatively cold. As far as possible, the interpreted features honour the geological and geophysical data sets within the resolution of the data. Integration of these results in the unified interpretation map presented here brings new insights into both the disposition of selected geological features under cover, and the evolution of the Precambrian geology of southern Africa, extending into Antarctica within a Gondwana framework.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Manica Minerals Ltd., Swakopmund, Namibia

    Branko Corner

  2. School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Raymond J. Durrheim

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  1. Branko Corner
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  1. GZG—Structural Geology and Geodynamics University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Siegfried Siegesmund

  2. Geosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Miguel A. S. Basei

  3. Departamento de Geodinámica Interna, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Pedro Oyhantçabal

  4. GZG—Structural Geology and Geodynamics University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

    Sebastian Oriolo

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Corner, B., Durrheim, R.J. (2018). An Integrated Geophysical and Geological Interpretation of the Southern African Lithosphere. In: Siegesmund, S., Basei, M., Oyhantçabal, P., Oriolo, S. (eds) Geology of Southwest Gondwana. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68920-3_2

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