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Epigene and Hypogene Karst

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The Karst Systems of Florida

Part of the book series: Cave and Karst Systems of the World ((CAKASYWO))

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Abstract

Karren development on the upper surfaces of limestone varies in Florida. Karren forms created by chemically aggressive water flowing over rock surfaces are rare. Grikes, pinnacles, and other karren formed by infiltration of groundwater into porous limestone or along fractures are common in Florida limestones. Vertical shafts (solution pits or channels) are common in some areas. Because they are normally hidden under cover materials, it is unusual to be able to observe karren features.

Duricrusts developed on the upper-most limestone surfaces are composed of laminated crusts, calcite cemented sand, calcitic debris, marine sediments, limestone breccia, terra rossa soils, and thin crusts of recrystallized calcite. While caliche is usually associated with arid environments, common artifacts of caliche development are present in Florida as vadose pisolites and rounded and recemented limestone rubble. Both duricrusts and caliche are formed by repeated wetting and drying of calcium-carbonate sediments.

The Cody Scarp (escarpment) is Florida’s best example of the development of fluviokarst. Sinking streams, swallets, traces, and springs characterize the escarpment and karst plains formed by headward erosion and the intersection of streams and limestone near the toe of an escarpment.

Phytokarst developed on rocky shores by dissolution and grazing of algae and fungi by herbivores is found on the rare coastal exposures of limestone in southeastern Florida, and microkarst is well developed in the Rock Glades and Everglades physiographic provinces where limestone is subaerially exposed.

Possible hypogenetic karst includes sulfuric acid or freshwater/saltwater mixing-zone speleogenesis. The Upper Floridan Aquifer (UFA), Lower Floridan Aquifer (LFA), and anhydrite-bound Cretaceous strata contain examples of possible hypogenetic karst.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Because of the siliciclastic cover sediments in karst terrains, the valleys created by karst processes are rounded and contours softened. As a result, they are seldom truly star-shaped.

  2. 2.

    The term trace has been widely used by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection’s experts on springs and spring protection.

  3. 3.

    There are two Withlacoochee Rivers in Florida, one in northern Florida and the other is west-central Florida. To differentiate these rivers, the parenthetic terms north and south are use to indicate the river being discussed.

  4. 4.

    Dyal and Black Sinks, which were investigated by Butt and Murphy (2003), are located within the larger Clay Hole Sink.

  5. 5.

    There is a karst area along the Alapaha in southern Georgia known as the Valdosta Limesink District (Gore and Witherspoon 2013).

  6. 6.

    Minimum flows and levels are regulatory levels of discharge or water stage used to manage surface water and groundwater withdrawals in order to protect the resource for water supply and the environmental, recreational, and commercial qualities of the water body (Chapter 373.042 Florida Statutes). Water-body specific MFLs are adopted and are frequently re-evaluated by rule by Florida’s water management districts.

  7. 7.

    TMDLs are the maximum loads of a chemical that be tolerated by a water body before harmful consequences, such as algal growth, begin. Once the TMDL is determined for a water body, the available load of the chemical is apportioned to sources within the watershed or springshed. Chapter 99–223 Florida Statutes establishes the authority and process for TMDL development.

  8. 8.

    The term “competent” refers to the penetration resistance of the rock. Competent strata have refusal strength penetration resistance; in other words, the penetration test device is unable to pass through the stratum being tested. Strata that have high penetration resistances, but do not prevent penetration testing, may be suitable for construction even they do not have the sobriquet competent.

  9. 9.

    The green tint of the clay is typical of Miocene, ferrous-iron-rich smectite clays (see Chap. 2). The fact that the clay has not been substantially weathered and the iron oxidized to the ferric state, as is the iron in the overburden clay, indicates that the clay entered the epikarst during or shortly after deposition at the exposure.

  10. 10.

    The term collapse is not appropriate in the context of the sinkhole classification scheme discussed above. If they are related to dissolution of the caprock rather than failure of the caprock to form, the depressions are cover-subsidence features, which White (1970) termed sag ponds or sag features.

  11. 11.

    For an excellent collection of cave diving videos, largely within the Twin Dees/Weeki Wachee cave system, see Pitkin (2016).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. SDII Global Corporation, Land O’ Lakes, FL, USA

    Sam Upchurch

  2. SDII Global Corporation, Havana, FL, USA

    Thomas M. Scott

  3. Water Resource Associates, LLC, Tampa, FL, USA

    Michael C. Alfieri

  4. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Beth Fratesi

  5. Dobecki Geosciences, LLC, Mishawaka, IN, USA

    Thomas L. Dobecki

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Upchurch, S., Scott, T.M., Alfieri, M.C., Fratesi, B., Dobecki, T.L. (2019). Epigene and Hypogene Karst. In: The Karst Systems of Florida. Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69635-5_8

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