Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to compare two World Heritage properties in Brazil: Ouro Preto city (1980) and Missões Jesuítico-Guarani (1983) giving special attention to the mediation of problems related to the local populations, state interests, and management of both World Heritage Sites. During the Estado Novo dictatorship (1930–1945), both sites were elected as symbols of a particular discourse of identity that extolled European heritage and excluded or put in the background other cultural identities. However, both sites are confronted with the emergence of new demands from other groups that are not represented by original preservationist discourses. The way both sites face contemporary demands demonstrates distinct ways of managing the sites in question. In this way, this chapter compares the management of both sites, trying to understand the relationship established with these new actors and the challenges and opportunities they represent in contemporary Brazil.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
In the sense of the concept of resemblance proposed by Octave Debary (2016).
- 3.
This took place in the municipal theatre of São Paulo on February 13th, 15th, and 17th of 1922. It brought together artists forming part of the vanguard of Modernism and presented paintings, sculpture, literature, and other works, generating important societal repercussions.
- 4.
Antônio Francisco de Lisboa, “o Aleijadinho” (The Little Cripple) (1738–1814), was a celebrated Brazilian Baroque sculptor who worked in the state of Minas Gerais. Evidence points to him being the son of a Portuguese architectural foreman and an enslaved woman. Roughly at the age of 40 he was stricken by a disease that ended up deforming his body, giving origin to his now-famous nickname. Even with this affliction, the artist continued to produce until his death and left an abundant body of work in the region.
- 5.
Having risen to power via a coup d’état, in 1937 Vargas founded a government of fascist character that was referred to as the Estado Novo (New State).
- 6.
The missions formed an integral part of the colonial and evangelical efforts of the Jesuits with the local indigenous populations, primarily made up of members of the Guarani ethnic group, in the 17th and 18th centuries. These Jesuit-Guarani missions were part of the Province of Paraguay, under the administration of the Spanish Crown. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, 30 Jesuit settlements or missions were spread across a macro-region that today encompasses territories located in Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay between the Paraná and Uruguay rivers. The remains of seven settlements are located in Brazil and are known as the Sete Povos das Missões (7 Settlements of the Missions): São Borja, São Nicolau, São Miguel, São Luiz Gonzaga, São Lourenço, São João Batista, and Santo Ângelo. The Treaty of Madrid signed in 1750 by the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns established the exchange of these seven settlements then located in Spanish territory, for Colônia de Sacramento, located in Portuguese-held territory. This generated animosity on behalf of the indigenous populations and the Jesuits towards the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns and was the detonating factor for the Guerra Guaranítica (Guarani War) (1753–1756). The actions of these groups served to provide justification for anti-Jesuit rhetoric and eventually the order’s expulsion for colonial territory.
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Relatório da Secretaria de Obras Públicas. Officinas Graphicas d’A Federação: Porto Alegre, 1926.
- 8.
Lucio Costa was a Brazilian modernist architect and urban planner, best known for his pilot plan for Brasília. He joined the newly created SPHAN in 1937.
- 9.
In the article “A arquitetura dos Jesuítas no Brasil” (Jesuit Architecture in Brazil), which was published in 1941 in the magazine of the SPHAN, Lúcio Costa credits the Jesuits and the architecture influenced by them to be the oldest foundational elements that inspired the architecture of Brazilian cities (Costa 1941).
- 10.
For more information: https://nacoesunidas.org/agencia/unesco/.
- 11.
In 1983 the following sites were declared as cultural heritage: São Miguel das Missões (Brazil) and San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto, and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina). In 1993 La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue (Paraguay) were included in the UNESCO list.
- 12.
- 13.
Mercado Comum do Sul (Southern Common Market) is an economic bloc in South America that was formed in 1991 and currently consists of the following member states: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Venezuela.
- 14.
See CUSTÓDIO, Luiz Antônio Bolcato (org.). Manual básico de Conservação para as Missões Jesuíticas dos Guarani. Programa de capacitação para a conservação, gestão e desenvolvimento sustentável das Missões Jesuítics dos Guarani. World Monuments Fund, 2009.
- 15.
IPHAN. Missões Jesuítas Guaranis, Moxos e Chiquitos são declaradas bens culturais do MERCOSUL. 27/05/2015. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/noticias/detalhes/2283/missoes-jesuitas-guaranis-moxos-e-chiquitos-e-declarado-bem-cultural-do-mercosul.
- 16.
The Ponto de Memória (Point of Memory) Program is a project related to the Cultura Viva (Living Culture) Program of the Ministério da Cultura (Ministry of Culture) together with other federal government entities. It aims to assist grassroots initiatives regarding memory by groups that have been excluded from official memorial spaces and by their own initiative have created their own spaces for the promotion of their identity and linkages with the past (Vivian 2012).
- 17.
More information: IPHAN. Tava Lugar de referência para o Povo Guarani. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/pagina/detalhes/507/.
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Poloni, R.J.S., Ferreira, M.L.M., De Mamman Marchi, D. (2018). National Identities, New Actors, and Management of World Heritage Sites: The Case of Ouro Preto and a Jesuit Mission of the Guaranis in Brazil. In: Makuvaza, S. (eds) Aspects of Management Planning for Cultural World Heritage Sites. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69856-4_15
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