Coercion, Resistance and Voice

Stanziani, Alessandro

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70392-3_2

Alessandro Stanziani³

Part of the book series: Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies ((IOWS))

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Abstract

This chapter discusses the main relevant approaches to the questions of labor coercion, first presenting the main economic explanations, followed by the sociology of labor, power, and the state. The ensuing sections specify the notion of resistance, starting with socioeconomic and historical approaches and presenting in detail the theories of law in action, and from there, the use of judicial sources in labor and colonial contexts. The chapter ends with a broader discussion about political philosophies of rights, freedom and coercion and argues the relevance of Hirschman’s triad (voice, exit, and loyalty), although appropriately modified.

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Notes

1.
Herman Nieboer , Slavery as an Industrial System. Ethnological Researches (The Hague: Martinus Nijhof, 1900); Evsey D. Domar, “The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis”, The Journal of Economic History, 30, 1 (Mar., 1970): 18–32; Evsey D. Domar and Mark J. Machina, “On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom”, The Journal of Economic History, 44, 4 (1984): 919–955.
2.
Michael M. Postan, Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Douglass North, Robert Thomas, “The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model”, Journal of Economic History, 31 (1971): 777–803.
3.
H. J. Habakkuk, “The Economic History of Modern Britain”, Journal of Economic History, 18 (1958): 486–501; H.J. Habakkuk, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962); Robert Allen, The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
4.
Stanley Engerman, ed., Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom and Free Labor (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999); Martin Klein, Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia (Madison: the University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
5.
Alessandro Stanziani, Bondage: Labor and Rights in Eurasia, 17th–20th centuries (New York: Berghahn, 2014).
6.
Seymour Drescher, Capitalism and Antislavery. British Mobilization in Comparative Perspective (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987): 11.
7.
E.A. Wrigley, R.S. Schofield, The Population History of England: A Reconstruction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982): 218–221.
8.
Robert Steinfeld, Coercion, Contract, and Free Labor in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
9.
Cuirong Liu, Ts’ui-jung Liu, James Lee, David Sven Reher, Osamu Saito, Wang Feng, eds., Asian Population History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
10.
Thirtankar Roy, Rethinking Economic Change in India. Labour and Livelihood (London: Routledge, 2005); Thirtankar Roy, “Labour Intensity and Industrialization in Colonial India”, in Gareth Austin, Kaoru Sugihara, eds., Labour-Intensive Industrialization in Global History (London: Routledge, 2012): 107–121.
11.
A.G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973); Gareth Austin, “Factor Markets in Nieboer Conditions: Pre-Colonial West Africa, c.1500–c.1900”, Continuity and Change, 24, 1 (2009): 23–53.
12.
Patrick Manning, “The Slave Trade: The Formal Demography of a Global System”, Social Science History, 14, 2 (1990): 255–279; Idem, Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental and African Slave Trades (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Martin Klein, “Simulating the African Slave Trade”, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 28, 2 (1994): 296–299.
13.
Gareth Austin, “Slavery in Africa, 1804–1936” in David Eltis, Stanley Engerman, Seymour Drescher, David Richardson, The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 4 AD 1804–AD 2016 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 174–196.
14.
Paul Lovejoy, Transformations of Slavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Claude Meillassoux, Anthropologie de l’esclavage (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1986); Suzanne Miers and Igor Kopytoff, eds., Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977).
15.
Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, “Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution”, Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, 4 (2002): 1231–1294. Daron Acemoglu, Alexander Wolitzky, “The Economics of Labour Coercion”, Econometrica, 79, 2 (2011): 555–600.
16.
Douglass North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981); Douglass North and Robert Thomas, The Rise of Western Civilization: A New Economic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Douglass North and Barry Weingast, “Constitution and Commitment: The Evolution of Institution Governing Public Choice in 17th-century England”, The Journal of Economic History, 49, 4 (1989): 803–832.
17.
On this, see Alessandro Stanziani, ed., Dictionnaire historique de l’économie-droit, XVIIIe-XXe siècle (Paris: LGDJ, 2007); “The institutional economics in historical perspective”, special issue, Histoire et mesure, 2 (2015).
18.
Sheilagh Ogilvie, “Whatever is, is Right? Economic Institutions in Pre-Industrial Europe”, Economic History Review, 60, 4 (2007): 649–684.
19.
James Scott, Seeing Like a State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
20.
Some references: Douglas Hay and Paul Craven, eds., Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Lauren Benton, Law and Colonial Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Richard Roberts, Litigants and Household. African Disputes and Colonial Courts in the French Soudan, 1895–1912 (Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2005). For more references see hereafter.
21.
Andrew Sartori, Liberalism and Empire. An Alternative History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014); Robert Travers, Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: The British in Bengal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
22.
Andrea Major, Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772–1843 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012); Indrani Chatterjee, Gender, Slavery and Law in Colonial India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999).
23.
Sudipta Sen, Distant Sovereignty: National Imperialism and the Origin of British India (London: Routledge, 2002); Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire. A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1999).
24.
Thomas Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
25.
H.F. Morris, James Read, Indirect Rule and the Search for Justice: Essays on East African Legal History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972).
26.
Martin Klein, Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); François Renault, Libération d’esclaves et nouvelle servitude: les rachats de captifs africains pour le compte des colonies françaises après l’abolition de l’esclavage (Abidjan: ANSOM, 1976).
27.
Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). Richard Roberts, Litigants and Households. African Disputes and Colonial Courts in the French Soudan, 1895–1912 (Portsmouth: Heneimann, 2005).
28.
UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children (Oxford, 1991); ILO, International Labour Conference, Papers and Proceedings, 89th Session (Geneva: ILO Press, 2001); ILO, Every Child Counts: New Global Estimates on Child Labour (Geneva: BIT Press, 2002); Henri Cunningham and P. Viazzo, Child Labour in Historical Perspective, 1800–1985: Historical Studies from Europe, Japan, and Colombia (Florence: European University Press, 1996); ILO, La fin du travail des enfants: un objectif à notre portée (Geneva: OIT, 2006); and Suzanne Miers, “Contemporary Forms of Slavery”, Canadian Journal of African Studies [Special Issue on Slavery and Islam in African History: A Tribute to Martin Klein], 34, 3 (2000): 714–747.
29.
Henry Maine, Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas (London: John Murray, 1861); Albert V. Dicey, Lectures on the Relation between Law and Public Opinion in England during the Nineteenth Century (London: Richard Vandewetering, 1905); Richard Cleveland, “Status in Common Law”, Harvard Law Review, 38, 8 (1925): 1074–1095; Manfred Rehbinder, “Status, Contract and the Welfare State”, Stanford Law Review, 23, 5 (1971): 941–955; Guido Alpa, “La rinascita dello status”, Materiali per una storia della cultura giuridica, XXII (2 December 1992): 435–473; R.H. Graveson, “The Movement from Status to Contract”, The Modern Law Review, 4, 4 (1941): 261–272; Stephen Hirschfeld, “Status”, Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, 4, 2 (1902): 168–171; Walter Friedmann, “Changing Functions of Contract in the Common Law”, The University of Toronto Law Journal, 9, 1 (1951): 15–41; Frank Tannenbaum, “Contract versus Status”, Political Science Quarterly, 65, 2 (1950): 181–192; Otto Kahn-Freund, “A Note on Status and Contract in British Labour Law”, Modern Law Review, 30 (1967): 635–644; and Patrick Atiyah, The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979).
30.
Michael Sonenscher, Work and Wages: Natural Law, Politics and the Eighteenth-Century French Trades (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Stanley Chapman and Serge Chassagne, European Textile Printers in the Eighteenth Century (London: Heinemann, 1981); Natalie Zemon Davis, “A Trade Union in Sixteenth Century France”, Economic History Review, 19 (1966): 48–69; Steven L. Kaplan, La fin des corporations (Paris: Fayard, 2002); William Sewell, Gens de métier et révolution. Le langage du travail de l’ Ancien régime à 1848 (Paris: Aubier, 1983); Steven R. Epstein, “Crafts, Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe”, The Journal of Economic History, 58:3 (1998): 684–713; and Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures, 1700–1820 (London: Routledge, 1985).
31.
Willibald Steinmetz, ed., Private Law and Social Inequality in the Industrial Age: Comparing Legal Cultures in Britain, France, Germany and the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
32.
On Indian coolies, see for example Jan Breman, Taming the Coolie Beast (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989); Utsa Patnaik and M. Dingwaney, eds., Chains of Servitude: Bondage and Slavery in India (Hyderabad: Sangan Books, 1985); and Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas 1830–1920 (London: Hansib, 1974).
33.
Alessandro Stanziani, Rules of Exchange: French Capitalism in Comparative Perspective, 18th–20th Centuries (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
34.
Stanziani, Bondage.
35.
Steinfeld, Coercion; Simon Deakin and Frank Wilkinson, The Law of the Labor Market: Industrialization, Employment, and Legal Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
36.
Michael Huberman, “Invisible Handshakes in Lancashire: Cotton Spinning in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century”, The Journal of Economic History 46, 4 (1986): 987–98.
37.
Robert Steinfeld, The Invention of Free Labor: The Employment Relation in English and American Law and Culture, 1350–1870 (Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1991); Michael Postan, “The Chronology of Labor Services”, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 20 (1937): 169–93; Tom Brass and Marcel van der Linden, eds., Free and Unfree Labor: The Debate Continues (Berne: Peter Lang, 1997).
38.
Steinfeld, The Invention of Free Labor; Douglas Hay, “England, 1562–1875: The Law and Its Uses”, in Douglas Hay and Paul Craven, eds., Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004): 67; Douglas Hay, “Master and Servant in England: Using the Law in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, in Willibald Steinmetz, Private Law and Social Inequality in the Industrial Age (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000): 227–64.
39.
Alessandro Stanziani, Bâtisseurs d’Empires. Russie, Inde et Chine à la croisée des mondes (Paris: Liber, 2012) and Seamen, Migrants and Workers: Bondage in the Indian Ocean World 1750–1914 centuries (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
40.
Jeremy Adelman, Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of Albert O. Hirschman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014).
41.
On slave maroons, just a few titles in a huge bibliography: Richard Price, ed., Maroon Societies (New York: Anchor Books, 1973; 3rd edn, 1996); Eugene Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Vintage Books, 1976); W.G. Clarence-Smith, “Runaway Slaves and Social Bandits in Southern Angola, 1875–1913”, Slavery and Abolition, 6, 3 (1985): 23–33; Stuart B. Schwartz, “The Mocambo: Slave Résistance in Colonial Bahia”, Journal of Social History, 3, 4 (1970): 313–333; Stuart B. Schwartz, Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels : Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992), Chap. 4; Anthony McFarlane, “Cimarrones and Palenques: Runaways and Resistance in Colonial Colombia”, Slavery and Abolition, 6, 3 (1985): 131–151; Richard B. Sheridan, “The Maroons of Jamaica, 1730–1830: Livelihood, Demography and Health”, Slavery and Abolition, 6, 3 (1985): 152–172; Richard Allen, Slaves, Freedmen, and Indentured Laborers in Colonial Mauritius (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweniger, Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Alvin Thompson, Flight to Freedom: African Runaways and Maroons in the Americas (Mona: University of the West Indies Press, 2006).
On marronage and fugitives in post-slavery societies: Richard Allen, “A Serious and Alarming Daily Evil: Marronage and its Legacy in Mauritius and the Plantation Colonial World”, Slavery and Abolition, 25, 2 (2004): 1–17, and previous version: Outre-mers, Revue d’histoire, 89, 336–7 (2002): 131–52; 0. Nigel Bolland, “Systems of Domination after Slavery: The Control of Land and Labor in the British West Indies after 1838”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23 (1981): 591–619.
42.
Matthias von Rossum, Jeannette Kemp, eds., Desertion in the Early Modern World: A Comparative History (London: Bloomsbury, 2016); Erik-Jan Zürcher, ed., Fighting for a Living: A Comparative History of Military Labour, 1500–2000 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2013).
43.
James Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1985); Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1985).
44.
Albert Hirschman , Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).
45.
Stanziani, Bondage; Frederick Cooper, Decolonization and African Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
46.
Gary Cross, A Quest for Time. The Reduction of Work in Britain and France, 1840–1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Gary Cross, ed., Worktime and Industrialization: An International History (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).
47.
Stanziani, Bondage.
48.
Stanziani, Rules of Exchange.
49.
Stanziani, Rules of Exchange.
50.
Neil Fligstein, The Architecture of Markets (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); William Powell, Paul Di Maggio, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1991).
51.
Roscoe Pound was first to develop this point in Roscoe Pound, “Law in Books and Law in Action” American Law Review, 44 (1910): 12–36. The so-called pragmatic school further developed this approach: John Commons, Legal Foundations of Capitalism (London: Macmillan, 1924, new edition New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1995); Karl Llewellyn, “What Price Contract? An Essay in Perspective.” Yale Law Journal, 40, 5 (1931): 704–51. The major development of “law in action” to explain historical dynamics was linked to the “Wisconsin school”: J. Willard Hurst, Law and the Condition of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century United States (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1956); J. Willard Hurst, Law and Economic Growth: The Legal History of Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, 1836–1915 (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1964). Hurst’s legacy in Lawrence Friedman, A History of American Law (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973).
52.
Just a few references: Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780–1860 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1977); Steinfeld, The Invention; Steinfeld, Coercion; Simon Deakin and Frank Wilkinson, The Law of the Labor Market: Industrialization, Employment, and Legal Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Alain Dewerpe, “En avoir ou pas. A propos du livret ouvrier dans la France du XIXe siècle”, in Alessandro Stanziani, ed., Le travail contraint en Asie et en Europe, XVIIe-XXe siècles, (Paris: MSH éditions, 2010): 217–40; Willibald Steinmetz, ed., Private Law and Social Inequality in the Industrial Age: Comparing Legal Cultures in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
53.
Steinmetz, Private Law and Social Inequalities.
54.
Some references in a rapidly growing field: Douglas Hay and Paul Craven, eds., Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Lauren Benton, Law and Colonial Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Richard Roberts, Litigants and Household: African Disputes and Colonial Courts in the French Soudan, 1895–1912 (Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2005).
55.
R.W. Kostal, A Jurisprudence of Power: Victorian Empire and the Rule of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
56.
M.B. Hooker, Legal Pluralism. An Introduction to Colonial and Neo-Colonial Laws (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975): Sally Falk Moore, Social Facts and Fabrications: Customary law on Kilimanjaro, 1880–1980 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980); Brian Tamanaha, Caroline Sage, Michael Woolcock, eds., Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
57.
Stanziani, Rules of Exchange, in particular, Chap. 2.
58.
Sonenscher, Work and Wages.
59.
Alain Cottereau, “Droit et bon droit. Un droit des ouvriers instauré, puis évincé par le droit du travail, France, XIXe siècle”, Annales 57, 6 (2002): 1521–1557; Deakin and Wilkinson, The Law of the Labor Market.
60.
Sue Peabody, There Are No Slaves in France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Seymour Drescher, Abolitions: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
61.
Stanziani, Sailors, Slaves, and Immigrants.
62.
Major, Abolitionism; Sen, Distant Sovereignty; Thomas Metcalf, Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920 (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007).
63.
Roberts, Litigants and Households.
64.
Roberts, Litigants and Households.
65.
Marina Carter, Servants, Sirdars, and Settlers: Indians in Mauritius, 1834–1874 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).
66.
Roberts, Litigants and Households.
67.
Sarah Joseph and Adam McBeth, ed., Research Handbook on International Human Right Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010).
68.
George Politakis, ed., Protecting Labour Rights as Human Rights: Present and Future of International Supervision (Geneva: ILO, 2007).
69.
Bob Hepple, ed., Social and Labour Rights in a Global Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
70.
For a summary, see Paul G. Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011); Kenneth Cmiel, “The Recent History of Human Rights”, American Historical Review 109, 1 (2004): 117–135; Johannes Morsink, Inherent Human Rights: Philosophical Roots of the Universal Declaration (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009); Samuel Moyn, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge: Belknap, 2010); Roland Burke, Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010); Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann/ Samuel Moyn, ed., Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Akira Iriye, Petra Goedde, William I. Hitchcock, ed., The Human Rights Revolution, An International History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). See also the legal history of international human rights, e.g. Alfred William Brian Simpson, Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Ed Bates, The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights: From Its Inception to the Creation of a Permanent Court of Human Rights (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); Micheline Ishay, The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, 2nd edn, 2008).
71.
John Headley, The Europeanization of the World. On the Origin of Human Rights and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).
72.
Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: Norton, 2007); Jenny S. Martinez, The Slave Trade and the Origins of International Human Rights Law (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
73.
Alison Brysk, ed., Globalization and Human Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
74.
Moyn, The Last Utopia.
75.
Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: Polity, 1989, orig. 1962).

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Alessandro Stanziani

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Stanziani, A. (2018). Coercion, Resistance and Voice. In: Labor on the Fringes of Empire. Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70392-3_2

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Published: 24 January 2018
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