Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) separates elimination disorders into enuresis and encopresis. Enuresis is defined as repeated urination into bed or clothing at least twice a week for a period of at least 3 months that is not due directly to a physiological condition or substance and occurs for an individual who is at least 5 years of age (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Encopresis is defined as repeated bowel movements into bed or clothing at least one time per month for a period of at least 3 months, is not due directly to a physiological condition or substance, and occurs for an individual who is at least 4 years of age (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Alternative diagnostic systems include the Rome-III criteria and the International Children’s Continence Society’s classification system (Nevéus et al., 2006; Rasquin et al., 2006). The three systems differ on the minimum age, the various subtypes, and the specific language of the descriptions (for a full review, see von Gontard, 2013). All three systems differentiate between urinary and bowel movement-based incontinence, and translation across the three systems does not exclude research based on one system versus the other. However, some offer more specification on the subtype of elimination disorders.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont.
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2010). Addressing mental health concerns in primary care: A clinician’s toolkit. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Azrin, & Fox. (1974). Toilet training in less than a day. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
Banerjee, S., Srivastav, A., & Palan, B. M. (1993). Hypnosis and self-hypnosis in the management of nocturnal enuresis: A comparative study with imipramine therapy. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 36(2), 113.
Beninga, M. A., Büller, H. A., Heymans, H. S. A., Tytgat, G. N. J., & Taminia, J. A. J. M. (1994). Is encopresis always the result of constipation? Archives of Disease in Childhood., 71, 186–193.
Borch, L. (2015). Urinary and Fecal Incontinence. A Training Program for Children and Adolescents including CD-ROM with 109 pages of colour worksheets by Equit M, Sambach H, Niemczyk J, von Gontard A, 2014. Ashland, OH, USA.
Cederblad, M., Sarkadi, A., Engvall, G., & Nevéus, T. (2015). No effect of basic bladder advice in enuresis: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 11(3), 153.e151–153.e155.
Christophersen, E. C., Christophersen, E. R., & Friman, P. C. (2010). Elimination disorders in children and adolescents (Vol. 16). Göttingen: Hogrefe Publishing.
Crowley, C. P., & Armstrong, P. M. (1977). Positive practice, overcorrection and behavior rehearsal in the treatment of three cases of encopresis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 8(4), 411–416.
Equit, M., Klein, A., Braun-Bither, K., Gräber, S., & von Gontard, A. (2014). Elimination disorders and anxious-depressed symptoms in preschool children: A population-based study.European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(6), 417–423. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0468-9
Equit, M., Sambach, H., Niemczyk, J., & von Gontard, A. (2015). Urinary and fecal incontinence: A training program for children and adolescents.
Feehan, M., McGee, R., Stanton, W., & Silva, P. A. (1990). A 6 year follow-up of childhood enuresis: prevalence in adolescence and consequences for mental health. Journal Paediatric Child Health., 26, 75–79.
Felt, B., Wise, C. G., Olsen, A., Kochhar, P., Marcus, S., & Coran, A. (1999). Guideline for the management of pediatric idiopathic constipation and soiling. Archives of Pediatric and. Adolescent Medicine, 153, 380–385.
Friman, P. C., & Jones, K. M. (1998). Elimination disorders in children. In S. Watson & F. Gresham (Eds.), Handbook of child behavior therapy (pp. 239–260). New York: Plenum.
Friman, P. C., Hofstadter, K. L., & Jones, K. M. (2006). A biobehavioral approach to the treatment of functional encopresis in children. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 3(3), 263–272.
Geffken, G., Johnson, S. B., & Walker, D. (1986). Behavioral interventions for childhood nocturnal enuresis: the differential effect of bladder capacity on treatment progress and outcome. Health and Psychology, 5, 261.
Glazener, C. M., Evans, J. H., & Peto, R. E. (2003). Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD002911.
Glazener, C. M., & Evans, J. H. (2004). Simple behavioural and physical interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2), CD003637.
Harris, L. S., & Purohit, A. P. (1977). Bladder training and enuresis: A controlled trial. Behavior Research and Therapy, 15, 485.
Houts, A. C. (1991). Nocturnal enuresis as a bio-behavioral problem. Behavior Therapy, 22, 133–151.
Loening-Baucke, V. (2002). Encopresis. Current Opinion in Pediatrics., 14, 570–575.
McGrath, M. L., Mellon, M. W., & Murphy, L. (2000). Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Constipation and encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(4), 225–254.
Mellon, M. W., & Houts, A. C. (1995). Elimination disorders. In R. T. Ammerman & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of child behavior therapy in the psychiatric setting (pp. 341–366). New York: Wiley.
Nevéus, T., von Gontard, A., Hoebeke, P., Hjälmås, K., Yeung, C. K., Vande Walle, J., … Djurhuus, J. C. (2006). The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: Report from the Standardization Committee of the International Children’s Continence Society (ICCS). Journal of Urology, 176, 314–324.
O’Flynn, N. (2011). Nocturnal enuresis in children and young people: NICE clinical guideline. The British Journal of General Practice, 61(586), 360–362.
Philichi, L., & Yuwono, M. (2010). Primary care: Constipation and encopresis treatment strategies and reasons to refer. Gastroenterology Nursing., 33(5), 363–366.
Rasquin, A., Di Lorenzo, C., Forbes, D., Guiraldes, E., Hyams, J. S., Staiano, A., & Walker, L. S. (2006). Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology., 130, 1527–1537.
Rolider, A., & Van Houten, R. (1985). Treatment of constipation-caused encopresis by negative reinforcement procedure. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 16, 67–70.
Seabrook, J. A., Gorodzinsky, F., & Freedman, S. (2005). Treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis: A randomized clinical trial comparing hypnotherapy and alarm therapy. Paediatrics & Child Health, 10(10), 609–610.
Sinha, R., & Raut, S. (2016). Management of nocturnal enuresis – Myths and facts. World Journal of Nephrology, 5(4), 328.
Starfield, B., & Mellits, D. M. (1968). Increase in functional bladder capacity and improvements in enuresis. Journal of Pediatrics, 72, 483.
Van Herzeele, C., De Bruyne, P., De Bruyne, E., & Walle, J. V. (2015). Challenging factors for enuresis treatment: Psychological problems and non-adherence. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 11(6), 308–313.
Van Hoeck, K., Bael, A., Lax, H., Hirche, H., Van Dessel, E., Van Renthegem, D., et al. (2007). Urine output rate and maximum volume voided in school-age children with and without nocturnal enuresis. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 151, 575.
Van Hoeck, K. J., Bael, A., Lax, H., Hirche, H., Bernaerts, K., Vandermaelen, V., & van Gool, J. D. (2008). Improving the cure rate of alarm treatment for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis by increasing bladder capacity—A randomized controlled trial in children. The Journal of Urology, 179(3), 1222–1226.
Vande Walle, J., Rittig, S., Tekgül, S., Austin, P., Yang, S. S.-D., Lopez, P.-J., & Van Herzeele, C. (2017). Enuresis: practical guidelines for primary care. The British Journal of General Practice, 67(660), 328–329. http://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17X691337.
von Gontard, A., Baeyens, D., Van Hoecke, E., Warzak, W. J., & Bachmann, C. (2011). Psychological and psychiatric issues in urinary and fecal incontinence. Journal of Urology, 185, 1432–1437.
von Gontard, A. (2013). The impact of DSM-5 and guidelines for assessment and treatment of elimination disorders. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(S1), 61–67.
von Gontard, A., & Equit, M. (2015). Comorbidity of ADHD and incontinence in children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(2), 127–140.
Wagner, C., Equit, M., Niemczyk, J., & von Gontard, A. (2015). Obesity, overweight, and eating problems in children with incontinence. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 11(4), 202–207.
Williams, W. L., Jackson, M., & Friman, P. C. (2007). Encopresis and enuresis-9 (pp. 171–190). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372544-8/50010-0
Yeung, C. K., Sreedhar, B., Sihoe, J. D., Sit, F. K., & Lau, J. (2006). Differences in characteristics of nocturnal enuresis between children and adolescents: A critical appraisal from a large epidemiological study. BJU International, 97, 1069–1073.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Law, S., Malady, M., Buqo, T., Williams, L. (2018). Elimination Disorders. In: Maragakis, A., O'Donohue, W. (eds) Principle-Based Stepped Care and Brief Psychotherapy for Integrated Care Settings. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70539-2_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70539-2_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-70538-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-70539-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)