Skip to main content

Principles of Physical Activity Promotion Among Older People

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Ageing and Physical Activity Promotion

Abstract

Physical activity is key to promotion of health into older age. Older adult responses to exercise have been shown to be similar to younger adults, and exercise at high intensities has been shown to be safe for adults into their ninth decade. The variables manipulated in the prescription of exercise are frequency, intensity, type, time, and program duration. Ten minutes a day of physical activity has been associated with reductions in all-cause mortality. Frail older adults can benefit from practice of functional activities until they are able to reach the threshold of ten minutes of continuous activity. Further research is required to investigate how older adults recover from exercise and minimum effective thresholds of some types of physical activity such as balance and flexibility training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American College Sports Medicine. (2014). ACSM’s resource manual of guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apostolopoulos, N., Metsios, G. S., Flouris, A. D., Koutedakis, Y., & Wyon, M. A. (2015). The relevance of stretch intensity and position—A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Australian and New Zealand Society of Geriatric Medicine. (2014). Position statement – Exercise guidelines for older adults. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 33(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, A. L., Bird, M. L., & Talevski, J. (2015). Effect of pilates exercise for improving balance in older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(4), 715–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.11.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, A., Merom, D., Bull, F. C., Buchner, D. M., & Fiatarone Singh, M. A. (2016). Updating the evidence for physical activity: Summative reviews of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote “active aging”. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl 2), S268–S280. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borg, G. (1970). Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2(2), 92–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg, G. (1973). Perceived exertion: A note on “history” and methods. Medicine and Science in Sports, 5(2), 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg, G. (1974). Perceived exertion. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2(1), 131–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borg, G. (1982a). Ratings of perceived exertion and heart rates during short-term cycle exercise and their use in a new cycling srength test. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 3(3), 153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borg, G. (1982b). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borges, N., Reaburn, P., Driller, M., & Argus, C. (2016). Age-related changes in performance and recovery kinetics in masters athletes: A narrative review. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity, 24(1), 149–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. J., Gottschalk, M., Van Ness, P. H., Fortinsky, R. H., & Tinetti, M. E. (2005). Changes in physical therapy providers’ use of fall prevention strategies following a multicomponent behavioral change intervention. Physical Therapy, 85(5), 394–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Sinner, J. S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(7), 1510–1530. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, P., & Hubal, M. (2002). Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(Suppl), S52–S69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, E., Kafchinski, M., Vrazel, J., & Sullivan, P. (2011). Motivators, barriers, and beliefs regarding physical activity in an older adult population. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 34(3), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.0b013e31820e0e71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daanen, H. A., Lamberts, R. P., Kallen, V. L., Jin, A., & Van Meeteren, N. L. (2012). A systematic review on heart-rate recovery to monitor changes in training status in athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(3), 251–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, L., Finch, C. F., Hill, K. D., Haines, T. P., Clemson, L., Thomas, M., & Thompson, C. (2011). A protocol for evidence-based targeting and evaluation of statewide strategies for preventing falls among community-dwelling older people in Victoria, Australia. Injury Prevention, 17(2), e3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Souto Barreto, P., Morley, J. E., Chodzko-Zajko, W., Pitkala, K. H., Weening-Djiksterhuis, E., Rodriguez-Mañas, L., et al. (2016). Recommendations on physical activity and exercise for older adults living in long-term care facilities: A taskforce report. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17(5), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.01.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, C. (1993). Practical use of ratings of perceived exertion in a clinical setting. Sports Medicine, 16(4), 221–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, W. J. (2010). Skeletal muscle loss: Cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91(4), 1123S–1127S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.28608A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farlie, M. K., Robins, L., Keating, J. L., Molloy, E., & Haines, T. P. (2013). An absence of intensity reporting in the prescription of balance exercises in randomised controlled trials: A systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 59(4), 227–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farlie, M. K., Molloy, E., Keating, J. L., & Haines, T. P. (2016). Clinical markers of the intensity of balance challenge: Observational study of older adult responses to balance tasks. Physical Therapy, 96(3), 313–323. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiatarone Singh, M. A. (2002). Exercise comes of age: Rationale and recommendations for a geriatric exercise prescription. The Journals of Gerontology, 57A(5), M262–M282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiatarone, M., Marks, E. C., Ryan, N. D., Meredith, C. N., Lipsitz, L. A., & Evans, W. J. (1990). High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. JAMA, 263(22), 3029–3034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiatarone, M. A., O’Neill, E. F., Doyle, N., Clements, K. M., Roberts, S. B., Kehayias, J. J., et al. (1993). The Boston FICSIT study: The effects of resistance training and nutritional supplementation on physical frailty in the oldest old. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(3), 333–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiatarone, M. A., O’Neill, E. F., Ryan, N. D., Clements, K. M., Solares, G. R., Nelson, M. E., et al. (1994). Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine, 330(25), 1769–1775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frontera, W. R., Meredith, C. N., Reilly, K. P., Knuttgen, H. G., & Evans, W. J. (1988). Strength conditioning in older men: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 64(3), 1038–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giboin, L.-S., Gruber, M., & Kramer, A. (2015). Task-specificity of balance training. Human Movement Science, 44, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, L., Robertson, M., Gillespie, W., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L., & Lamb, S. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD007146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, R., Maloney, S., Pausenberger, E., Keating, J., Sims, J., Molloy, E., et al. (2012). Clinical decision making in exercise prescription for fall prevention. Physical Therapy, 92(5), 666–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haines, T. P., Hill, K. D., Vu, T., Clemson, L., Finch, C. F., & Day, L. (2016). Does action follow intention with participation in home and group-based falls prevention exercise programs? An exploratory, prospective, observational study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 64, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2016.02.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hausswirth, C., & Meur, Y. L. (2011). Physiological and nutritional aspects of post-exercise recovery specific recommendations for female athletes. Sports Medicine, 41(10), 861–882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holviala, J., Kraemer, W., Sillanpää, E., Karppenen, H., Avela, J., Kauhanen, A., et al. (2011). Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on muscle strength, walking speed and dynamic balance in aging men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(4), 1335–1347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hordern, M. D., Dunstan, D. W., Prins, J. B., Baker, M. K., Singh, M. A. F., & Coombes, J. S. (2012). Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: A position statement from exercise and sport science Australia. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.04.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, T. E., Rochester, L., Jackson, A., Banks, P. M. H., & Blair, V. A. (2011). Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, CD004963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jetté, M., Sidney, K., & Blümchen, G. (1990). Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity. Clinical Cardiology, 13(8), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960130809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kisner, C., & Colby, L. A. (2007). Therapeutic exercise: Foundation and techniques (5th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreher, J. B., & Schwartz, J. B. (2012). Overtraining syndrome: A practical guide. Sports Health, 4(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111434406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kummel, J., Kramer, A., Giboin, L.-S., & Gruber, M. (2016). Specificity of balance training in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46, 1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0515-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuramoto, A. (2006). Therapeutic benefits of tai chi exercise: Research review. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 105(7), 42–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, J. L., Ball, T. E., Arnold, M. D., & Bowen, J. C. (1992). Relative muscular endurance performance as a predictor of bench press strength in college men and women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 6(4), 200–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merom, D., Pye, V., Macniven, R., van der Ploeg, H., Milat, A., Sherrington, C., et al. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of participation in fall prevention exercise/physical activity by older adults. Preventive Medicine, 55(6), 613–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.10.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mezzani, A., Hamm, L. F., Jones, A. M., McBride, P. E., Moholdt, T., Stone, J. A., et al. (2013). Aerobic exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiac rehabilitation: A joint position statement of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 20(3), 442–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312460484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moritani, T., & Devries, H. A. (1980). Potential for gross muscle hypertrophy in older men. Journal of Gerontology, 35(5), 672–682. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/35.5.672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, M. C., Harman, E. A., & Johnson, M. J. (1995). Resistance training modes: Specificity and effectiveness. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 27(5), 648–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P., Judge, J. O., King, A., et al. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendations from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1435–1445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nici, L., Donner, C., Wouters, E., Zuwallack, R., Ambrosino, N., Bourbeau, J., et al. (2006). American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 173(12), 1390–1413. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200508-1211ST.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, B. (1982). Clinical applications of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 406–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, K., Norton, L., & Sadgrove, D. (2010). Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13, 496–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandolf, K. B. (1983). Advances in the study and application of perceived exertion. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 11, 118–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, D. H., Jones, G., & Rice, C. (2007). Ageing and physical activity: Evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adults. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 32, S69–S108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, E. M., & Kennedy, M. A. (2012). The exercise prescription: A tool to improve physical activity. PM&R, 4(11), 818–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.09.582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2008). Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, M. E., Rogers, N. L., Takeshima, N., & Islam, M. M. (2003). Methods to assess and improve the physical parameters associated with fall risk in older adults. Preventive Medicine, 36(3), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(02)00028-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sell, K., & Frierman, S. (2010). Debunking the myths surrounding exercise and older individuals. Paper presented at the new directions in American health care conference, Hofstra University, Hampstead, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, C., Tiedmann, A., Fairhall, N., Close, J., & Lord, S. (2011). Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: An updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. NSW Public Health Bulletin, 22(3–4), 78–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shubert, T. (2011). Evidence-based exercise prescription for balance and falls prevention: A current review of the literature. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 34(3), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, J., Hustler, R., Bergsteinova, V., & Buskirk, E. (1973). The validity and reliability of a rating scale of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports, 5(2), 94–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparling, P. B., Howard, B. J., Dunstan, D. W., et al. (2015). Recommendations for physical activity in older adults. BMJ, 350, h100. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, T. W., Foster, C., McGuigan, M. R., & Brice, G. (2004). Quantification of resistance training using the session rating of perceived exertion method. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(4), 796–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeshima, N., Rogers, N. L., Rogers, M. E., Islam, M. M., Koizumi, D., & Lee, S. (2007). Functional fitness gain varies in older adults depending on exercise mode. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(11), 2036–2043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiedemann, A., Sherrington, C., Close, J. C. T., & Lord, S. R. (2011). Exercise and sports science Australia position statement on exercise and falls prevention in older people. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(6), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.04.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vuori, I. M., Lavie, C. J., & Blair, S. N. (2013). Physical activity promotion in the health care system. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 88(12), 1446–1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.08.020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, M. E., Dijkstra, A., de Winter, A. F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2015). Development of a training programme for home health care workers to promote preventive activities focused on a healthy lifestyle: An intervention mapping approach. BMC Health Services Research, 15(263). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0936-7

  • Weening-Dijksterhuis, E., de Greef, M., Scherder, E., Slaets, J., & van der Schans, C. (2011). Frail institutionalized older persons: A comprehensive review on physical exercise, physical fitness, activities of daily living, and quality-of-life. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(2), 156–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wen, C. P., Wai, J. P., Tsai, M. K., Yang, Y. C., Cheng, T. Y., Lee, M. C., et al. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: A prospective cohort study. Lancet, 378, 1244–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60749-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, T. M., Maddalozzo, G. F., & Harter, R. A. (2002). Accuracy of seven equations for predicting 1-RM performance of apparently healthy, sedentary older adults. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 6(2), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0602_1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, J. A., Wilund, K. R., Martin, S. A., & Kistler, B. M. (2012). Exercise, inflammation and aging. Aging and Disease, 3(1), 130–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Farlie, M.K., Ganz, D.A., Haines, T.P. (2018). Principles of Physical Activity Promotion Among Older People. In: Nyman, S., et al. The Palgrave Handbook of Ageing and Physical Activity Promotion. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71291-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71291-8_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71290-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71291-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics