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Commentary and Opinion

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Print and Party Politics in Ireland, 1689-1714

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media ((PSHM))

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Abstract

From 1689 to 1714, increasing numbers of publications offering commentary and opinion on political matters, primarily pamphlets and other forms of cheap print, came to be produced in Ireland. The vast majority of these publications were reprints of British originals and tended to focus on political developments in that kingdom. This chapter demonstrates that production of this category of material intensified in the second half of Queen Anne’s reign, and that these publications conveyed to Irish readers a range of ideas and opinions on divisive topics such as the Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707, and the trial of Dr Henry Sacheverell in 1710. In order to gauge the impact of these publications, attention is also paid to legal proceedings initiated against Irish publishers for producing reprints during the period.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    An ESTC search for all Irish publications containing the term ‘reprinted’ for the period 1689–1714 suggests that 519/2672 or 19% of all titles produced were reprints. However, this is a very crude measure and the actual number of reprinted publications is a good deal higher. It is also notable that the proportion of material reprinted in Ireland rose over time, from 11% from 1689–1700, to 19% for 1701–1710, to 28% for the period 1711–1714.

  2. 2.

    See T. C. Barnard, Brought to Book: Print in Ireland, 16801784 (Dublin, 2017), 699.

  3. 3.

    T. F. Bonnell, ‘The Reprint Trade’, in Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, ed. M. F. Suarez (Cambridge, 2009), 699.

  4. 4.

    Andrew Murphy, ‘The History of the Book in Britain, c.1475–1800’, in The Oxford Companion to the Book, ed. M. F. Suarez and H. R. Woudhuysen (Oxford, 2010).

  5. 5.

    Bonnell, ‘The Reprint Trade’, 231–32.

  6. 6.

    See Colm Lennon, ‘The Print Trade, 1700–1800’, in The Oxford History of the Irish Book, III: The Irish Book in English 15501800, ed. Raymond Gillespie and Andrew Hadfield (Oxford, 2006), 77; Barnard, Brought to Book, 364.

  7. 7.

    Mary Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books: 15501800 (Oxford, 1989), 67.

  8. 8.

    Pollard, 67–109, esp. 87.

  9. 9.

    Daniel Szechi, The Jacobites : Britain and Europe, 16881788 (Manchester, 1994), 55.

  10. 10.

    W. E. Burns, ‘Sherlock, William (1639/40–1707)’, ODNB.

  11. 11.

    William Lloyd, The Pretences of the French Invasion Examined; for the Information of the People of Great Britain and Ireland. May 25. 1692. Let This Be Printed, Nottingham (Dublin, 1692), 4; See also John Miller, ‘The Glorious Revolution: “Contract” and “Abdication” Reconsidered’, Historical Journal 25 (1982): 541–55; Thomas P. Slaughter, ‘“Abdicate” and “Contract” in the Glorious Revolution’, The Historical Journal 24, no. 2 (1981): 323–37; J. P. Kenyon, ‘The Revolution of 1688: Resistance and Contract’, in Historical Perspectives: Studies in English Thought and Society in Honour of J. H. Plumb, ed. Neil McKendrick (London, 1974), 43–69; Michael Mullett, ‘Lloyd, William (1627–1717)’, ODNB.

  12. 12.

    Samuel Johnson, An Argument Proving, That the Abrogation of King James by the People of England from the Regal Throne […] Was According to the Constitution of the English Government, and Prescribed by It (Dublin, 1692), 16, 58.

  13. 13.

    C. F. Mullett, ‘A Case of Allegiance: William Sherlock and the Revolution of 1688’, Huntington Library Quarterly 10, no. 1 (1946): 88.

  14. 14.

    Johnson, Argument, 58; Mary Pollard, A Dictionary of Members of the Dublin Book Trade, 15501800: Based on the Records of the Guild of St Luke the Evangelist, Dublin (London, 2000), 481.

  15. 15.

    Henry Horwitz, Parliament , Policy, and Politics in the Reign of William III (Manchester, 1977), 175.

  16. 16.

    J. Humfrey, The Association for King William Design’d (Dublin, 1696).

  17. 17.

    An Hue and Cry after the Shatter’d French Fleet, with the Distress’d French-Mans Complaint against the English Jacobites (Dublin, 1692).

  18. 18.

    Hue and Cry, 1.

  19. 19.

    Edward Gregg, ‘France, Rome and the Exiled Stuarts, 1689–1714’, in A Court in Exile, the Stuarts in France , 16891718, ed. Edward Corp (Cambridge, 2004), 48; Jane Garrett, The Triumphs of Providence : The Assassination Plot, 1696 (Cambridge, 1980), 83–99.

  20. 20.

    Robert Charnock, The Tryals and Condemnation of Robert Charnock, Edward King , and Thomas Keyes (Dublin, 1695).

  21. 21.

    A True Copy of Papers Delivered by Sir John Friend, and Sir William Parkyns, to the Sheriffs of London and Middlesex, at Tyburn (Dublin, 1696).

  22. 22.

    Gregg, ‘France, Rome and the Exiled Stuarts, 1689–1714’, 51; The Late King James’s Manifesto Answer’d Paragraph by Paragraph. Wherein the Weakness of His Reasons Is Plainly Demonstrated (Dublin, 1697), 3.

  23. 23.

    King James’s Manifesto Answer’d, 23.

  24. 24.

    King James’s Manifesto Answer’d, 22.

  25. 25.

    The Late King James’s Second Manifesto, Directed to the Protestant Princes, Answer’d Paragraph by Paragraph (Dublin, 1697).

  26. 26.

    William Congreve, The Mourning Muse of Alexis (Dublin, 1694); Gilbert Burnet, An Essay on the Memory of the Late Queen by Gilbert, Bishop of Sarum (Dublin, 1695).

  27. 27.

    The Form of the Proceeding to the Funeral of […] Queen Mary II (Dublin, 1695); Thomas Tenison, A Sermon Preached at the Funeral of Her Late Majesty Queen Mary of Ever Blessed Memory (Dublin, 1695).

  28. 28.

    W. A. Speck, ‘Mary II (1662–1694)’, ODNB.

  29. 29.

    Two editions are extant. A Song. On His Majesties Birth-Day (Dublin, 1694); D. Carney and John Abell, A Song. On His Majesties Birth-Day ([Dublin], 1694); See also, Pollard, Dictionary, 602–3.

  30. 30.

    Articles of Peace between the Most Serene and Mighty Prince William the Third, King of Great Britain, and the Most Serene and Mighty Prince Lewis the Fourteenth (Dublin, 1697); John Dunton, Dublin Scuffle, ed. Andrew Carpenter (Dublin, 2000), 102.

  31. 31.

    Two Letters to a Friend Concerning the Partition Treaty (Dublin, 1702); The Late King of Spain [’s] Will, and the Treaty for the Partition of the Kingdom of Spain (Dublin, 1700); Gabriel de Briord, The French Ambassador’s Speech to the States General of Holland (Dublin, 1700); The French King’s Letter to the States of Holland (Dublin, 1701); The French King’s Declaration Relating to a War (Dublin, 1701); Articles of Alliance, between the King of England, the Emperor of Germany, and States-General, against France and Spain (Dublin, 1702).

  32. 32.

    Her Majesties Most Gracious Speech to Both Houses of Parliament , on Wednesday the Eleventh Day of March 1701 (Dublin, 1702).

  33. 33.

    Her Majesties Most Gracious Speech [n.p.].

  34. 34.

    George Stepney, An Essay upon the Present Interest of England (Dublin, 1701).

  35. 35.

    [John Tutchin], The British Muse: Or Tyranny Expos’d (London, 1702), 3.

  36. 36.

    An Impartial Account of the Life and Actions, of James the Second, Late King of England, &c. (London, 1701), 13–16; An Impartial Account of the Life and Actions, of James the Second, Late King of England, &c. (Dublin, 1701).

  37. 37.

    [W. Pittis?], The Generous Muse (London, 1701), 2, 9; [W. Pittis?], The Generous Muse (Dublin, 1701).

  38. 38.

    [Gilbert Burnet?], Compleat History of the Glorious Life and Actions Of […] William the Third (Dublin, 1702), 5–15.

  39. 39.

    The Loyalist: A Funeral Poem in Memory of William III (Dublin, 1702), 1, 4.

  40. 40.

    Richard Daniel, A Dream; or, an Elegiack Poem, Occasion’d by the Death of William III. King of Great Britain, France and Ireland (Dublin, 1702), 8, 11–12, 15, 20.

  41. 41.

    The Loyalist, 4–6.

  42. 42.

    The only appreciable difference between the two editions is the imprint on the title page. The Mock Mourners (Dublin, 1702), 5, 7, 10; The Mock Mourners ([Dublin], 1702); M. E. Novak, Daniel Defoe : Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas (Oxford, 2001), 170–71.

  43. 43.

    Upon the Glorious Memory of King William the III. Who Dy’d the 8th of March, 1701/2 (Dublin, 1702); Upon the Glorious Memory of King William the III. Who Dy’d the 8th of March, 1701/2.

  44. 44.

    This observation is based on analysis of ESTC records for the period.

  45. 45.

    P. W. J. Riley, ‘The Union of 1707 as an Episode in English Politics’, English Historical Review 74 (1969): 499; Geoffrey Holmes, British Politics in the Age of Anne, 2nd ed. (London, 1987), 84–85.

  46. 46.

    Her Majesties Most Gracious Letter to the Parliament of Scotland (Dublin, 1705), 1–2; An Abstract of the Journal of the Proceedings of the Lords Commissioners of Both Nations, in the Treaty of Union (Dublin, 1706); Articles of the Treaty of Union, Agreed on by the Commissioners of Both Kingdoms, on the 22nd of July, 1706 (Dublin, 1706).

  47. 47.

    The Articles of the Union as They Pass’d with Amendments (Dublin, 1707).

  48. 48.

    Anno Sexton Annæ Reginæ. An Act for Rendring the Union of the Two Kingdoms More Intire and Complete (Dublin, 1708).

  49. 49.

    John Thompson Baron Haversham, The Lord Haversham’s Speech in the House of Peers, on Saturday, February 15, 1706/7 (London, 1707), 2; John Thompson Baron Haversham, The [L]ord Haversham’s Speech in the Committee of the Whole House of Peers, on Wednesday the Nineteenth of November (Dublin, 1707); A Modest Vindication of the Present Ministry (Dublin, 1707), 3, 7; John Thompson Baron Haversham, The Lord Haversham’s Vindication of His Speech (Dublin, 1706); See also P. N. Furbank and W. R. Owens, Defoe De-Attributions: A Critique of J. R. Moore’s Checklist (London, 1994), 33; K. R. Penovich, ‘From “Revolution Principles” to Union, Daniel Defoe’s Intervention in the Scottish Debate’, in A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707, ed. John Robertson (Cambridge, 2006), 230–31.

  50. 50.

    William Seton, A Speech in Parliament the Second Day of November 1706 (Dublin, 1706).

  51. 51.

    HMC, Ormonde MSS, vol. 8, N.S., 184; John Hamilton Baron Belhaven, The Lord Belhaven’s Speech in the Parliament of Scotland : On the 17th Day of July Last Past, 1705 (Dublin, 1705); Karin Bowie, Scottish Public Opinion and the Anglo-Scottish Union , 16991707 (Woodbridge, 2007), 78.

  52. 52.

    James Hodges, War Betwixt the Two British Kingdoms Consider’d (Dublin, 1705); [John Arbuthnot], A Sermon Preach’d to the People, at the Mercat-Cross of Edinburgh (Dublin, [1707?]), 3; E. R. Davis, ‘The Injured Lady, the Deluded Man and the Infamous Creature’, in Anglo-Irish Identities, 15711845, ed. David Valone and Jill Marie Bradbury (New Jersey, 2008), 128–29.

  53. 53.

    [Arbuthnot], Sermon Preach’d to the People [n.p.].

  54. 54.

    The Queen an Empress. And Her Three Kingdoms One Empire (Dublin, 1706), 5–11, 13–16, 27–32; Colin Kidd, ‘Religious Realignment between the Restoration and Union’, in A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707, ed. John Robertson (Cambridge, 2006), 165.

  55. 55.

    [Thomas Knox], Some Thoughts Humbly Offer’d towards an Union between Great-Britain and Ireland (Dublin, 1708).

  56. 56.

    Daniel Defoe, Caledonia, a Poem in Honour of Scotland . And the Scots Nation (Dublin, 1707); John Edwards, One Nation, and One King (Dublin, 1707).

  57. 57.

    C. N., A Poem on the Happy Union between England and Scotland Perfected May the First, 1707 (Dublin, 1707), 23.

  58. 58.

    Further Arguments and Debates in the House of Lords (Dublin, 1710); A True List of the Names of the Peers Who Gave Judgment in Dr. Sacheverel’s Tryal (Dublin, 1710); The Speeches of Four Managers upon the First Article of Dr. Sacheverell’s Impeachment (Dublin, 1710); Gilbert Burnet, The Bishop of Salisbury His Speech in the House of Lords , on the First Article of the Impeachment (Dublin, 1710).

  59. 59.

    Henry Sacheverell, The Speech of Henry Sacheverell , D.D […] on Tuesday, March 7 (Dublin, 1710).

  60. 60.

    Dublin Intelligence, 24 June 1710; Henry Sacheverell, The Tryal of Doctor Henry Sacheverell (Dublin, 1710).

  61. 61.

    An Impartial Account of What Pass’d Most Remarkable in the Last Session of Parliament (Dublin, 1710).

  62. 62.

    Impartial Account, 43.

  63. 63.

    A Receipt to Dress a Parson after the Newest Fashion ([Dublin?], 1710).

  64. 64.

    A True Answer; or, Remarks, upon Dr. Sacheverell’s Speech (Dublin, 1710), 2–3.

  65. 65.

    J. Distaff, A Character of Don Sacheverellio, Knight of the Firebrand; in a Letter to Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq; Censor of Great Britain (Dublin, 1710).

  66. 66.

    Jack Touchwood, Quixote Redivivus (London, 1710).

  67. 67.

    Pollard, Dictionary, 287.

  68. 68.

    Distaff, Character of Don Sacheverellio, 16.

  69. 69.

    Distaff, 16.

  70. 70.

    The Innocency of the Royal Martyr K. Charles the I. Vindicated (Dublin, 1711), 14–16.

  71. 71.

    [Jonathan Swift], The Virtues of Sid Hamet the Magician’s Rod (Dublin, 1710); Some in, and Some out: Or, Old Turning about (Dublin, [1711?]); Ezekiel Sanford and Walsh, eds., The Works of the British Poets: With Lives of the Authors, vol. 45 (Philadelphia, 1822), 86–89.

  72. 72.

    Holmes, British Politics, 56–57.

  73. 73.

    A Compleat List of the Knights, Citizens and Burgesses of the Parliament of Great-Britain (Dublin, 1710); A New List of the Honourable the House of Commons in Great Britain (Dublin, 1710).

  74. 74.

    J. Philips, Blenheim: A Poem (Dublin, 1705); Marlborough: A Poem; Occasion’d by the Exploits of That Famous General (Dublin, 1706); R. Ormsbye, Carmen Heroicum (Dublin, 1708); Heinz-Joachim Müllenbrock, The Culture of Contention: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Public Controversy about the Ending of the War of the Spanish Succession 17101713 (Munich, 1997), 31–35.

  75. 75.

    E. Ward, The Religious Turn-Coat, or, the Trimming Observator (Dublin, 1711); [H. St John Viscount Bolingbroke], A Letter to the Examiner (Dublin, 1710); [Daniel Defoe], Extracts from Several Mercators; Being Considerations on the State of the British Trade (Dublin, 1713); B. Cowan, ‘Mr. Spectator and the Coffeehouse Public Sphere’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 37, no. 3 (2004): 358.

  76. 76.

    Holmes, British Politics, 31; Pollard, Dictionary, 570.

  77. 77.

    The Dublin Spy. By Tom Tatler (Dublin, 1710).

  78. 78.

    [Francis Hare], The History of the Management of the War (Dublin, 1711); Alexander Pettit, ‘Hare, Francis (1671–1740)’, ODNB.

  79. 79.

    [Jonathan Swift], The Conduct of the Allies, and of the Late Ministry (Dublin, 1712).

  80. 80.

    J. B. Hattendorf, ‘Churchill, John, First Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722)’, ODNB.

  81. 81.

    J. K. Clark, ‘Swift and the Dutch’, Huntington Library Quarterly 17, no. 4 (1954): 353–54.

  82. 82.

    Alan Downie, Robert Harley and the Press: Propaganda and Public Opinion in the Age of Swift and Defoe (London, 1979), 140–44.

  83. 83.

    John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, The Duke of Marlborough’s Speech to the Right Honourable the House of Lords (Dublin, 1711).

  84. 84.

    Great-Britain’s Champion: Or, a Just and True Character of That Renowned Hero (Dublin, 1711) [n.p.].

  85. 85.

    Joseph Browne, Britain’s Palladium: Or, My Lord Bolingbroke’s Welcome from France (Dublin, 1712), 5–8.

  86. 86.

    Peace, or Poverty (Dublin, 1712), 1–2; The Miserable Case of Poor Old England, Fairly Stated (Dublin, 1712), 3, 5–16; [Edmund Stacy], The Parliament of Birds, with an Account of the Late and Present Ministry (Dublin, 1713).

  87. 87.

    Some Arguments for War Dissected and Laid Open (Dublin, 1712); A Vindication of Oliver Cromwell and the Whiggs of Forty One (Dublin, 1712), 5, 9; Müllenbrock, The Culture of Contention: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Public Controversy about the Ending of the War of the Spanish Succession 1710–1713, 107.

  88. 88.

    The Queen’s Peace; or, a New War (Dublin, 1712).

  89. 89.

    The Queen’s Message to Both Houses of Parliament , Delivered by Mr. Secretary St. John, the 27th Day of January, 17111712 (Dublin, 1712); Her Majesty’s Most Gracious Speech to Both Houses of Parliament, on Friday the Sixth Day of June, 1712 (Dublin, 1712).

  90. 90.

    B. W. Hill, ‘Oxford, Bolingbroke, and the Peace of Utrecht’, Historical Journal 16, no. 2 (1973): 241; P. Monod, Imperial Island: A History of Britain and Its Empire, 16601837 (Oxford, 2008), 119.

  91. 91.

    Alexander Pope, Windsor-Forest (Dublin, 1713); William Waller, Peace on Earth. A Congratulatory Poem (Dublin, 1713); F. G., What Sort of Peace Is This? Or, a Rod in Piss for Some Body (Dublin, 1713).

  92. 92.

    Treaty of Peace and Friendship between […] Concluded at Utrecht the 2/13 Day of July, 1713 (Dublin, 1714); [Joseph Trapp], Peace. A Poem: Inscribed to the Right Honourable the Lord Viscount Bolingbroke (Dublin, 1713), 3.

  93. 93.

    W. A. Speck, Tory and Whig: The Struggle in the Constituencies, 17011715 (London, 1970), 8; Monod, Imperial Island: A History of Britain and Its Empire, 16601837, 120.

  94. 94.

    See e.g. Her Majesties Most Gracious Speech to Both Houses of Parliament , on Thursday the Ninth Day of April, 1713 (Dublin, 1713); The Humble Address of the House of Commons to the Queen (Dublin, [1713]); The Humble Address of the Right Honourable the Lords, 3 Mar. 1714 (Dublin, 1714); The Humble Address of the […] Lords, 8 April 1714 (Dublin, 1714).

  95. 95.

    Mark Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture (Oxford, 2006), 248.

  96. 96.

    CJI, 2:370.

  97. 97.

    CJI, 2:379.

  98. 98.

    CJI, 2:390.

  99. 99.

    A Collection of Several Printed Papers, Articles of Impeachment and Complaints Made against John Mercer , for His Ingrossing, Monopolizing and Forestalling Coals, &c. (Dublin, 1712), 2–3.

  100. 100.

    Collection of Several Printed Papers, 3.

  101. 101.

    [William Percevale], A Reply to a Vindication of the Letter Published in a Pamphlet Called Pa[r]tiality Detected (Dublin, 1710), 63–64; Edward Synge, Dr. Synge’s Defence of Himself (Dublin, 1711), 9.

  102. 102.

    Flying Post, 4 Aug. 1710.

  103. 103.

    William Tilly, A Return to Our Former Good Old Principles and Practice (Dublin, 1710).

  104. 104.

    [Daniel Defoe], Queries to the New Hereditary Right-Men (Dublin, 1710), 9.

  105. 105.

    Dublin Intelligence, 2 Dec. 1710.

  106. 106.

    Alan to Thomas Brodrick, 13 Feb. 1711 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/3/41–2).

  107. 107.

    Philip Hamburger, ‘The Development of the Law of Seditious Libel and the Control of the Press’, Stanford Law Review 37, no. 3 (1985): 700.

  108. 108.

    Alan to Thomas Brodrick, 13 Feb. 1711 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/3/41–2).

  109. 109.

    Dublin Intelligence, 6 Feb., 3 Mar. 1711.

  110. 110.

    E. R. McClintock Dix, ‘Three Depositions by Dublin Printers, &c. in 1712’, Irish Book Lover 17 (1929): 33–35.

  111. 111.

    [Alan] to Thomas Brodrick, 25 Oct. 1711 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/3/58–9); The Memorial of the Church of England (Dublin, 1711); The Presentment of the Grand Jury of the City of Cork (Dublin, 1711).

  112. 112.

    Downie, Robert Harley and the Press: Propaganda and Public Opinion in the Age of Swift and Defoe, 80–81.

  113. 113.

    Some responses to the 1705 edition had been reprinted in Ireland in 1705–1706, which suggests it may have been in circulation at the time; see: [Daniel Defoe], The Dyet of Poland, a Satyr ([Dublin?], 1705); [John Toland], The Memorial of the State of England (Dublin, 1706); Downie, Robert Harley and the Press: Propaganda and Public Opinion in the Age of Swift and Defoe, 80–102.

  114. 114.

    C. I. McGrath, The Making of the Eighteenth-Century Irish Constitution: Government, Parliament and the Revenue, 16921714 (Dublin, 2000), 262.

  115. 115.

    Dublin Intelligence, 23 Sept. 1712.

  116. 116.

    Transcript [by Alan Brodrick] of ‘The Papers Relating to Loyde’s Affair’ (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/3/183–4).

  117. 117.

    [Daniel Defoe], The True-Born Englishman (Dublin, 1704); Samuel Garth, A Prologue for the 4th of November, 1711. Being the Anniversary for the Birth-Day of the Late K. William, of Glorious and Immortal Memory ([Dublin?], 1704), 3–4; The Shortest Way to Peace: Or, an Answer to a Prologue That Was to Be Spoke at the Queen’s Theatre in Dublin, on Monday the 5th of November (Dublin, 1711).

  118. 118.

    St John to Thomas Brodrick, 6 Nov. 1712 (SHC, Midleton papers, 1248/3/93–4).

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Forbes, S. (2018). Commentary and Opinion. In: Print and Party Politics in Ireland, 1689-1714. Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71586-5_3

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