Abstract
Adsorption cycles can be used for thermally driven heat transformation applications such as heat pumps or chillers. A major challenge in building such devices is the design of the adsorbent heat exchanger (Ad-HX). Two main design criteria are discussed here: the coefficient of performance (COP), relating the useful heat or cold with the energetic expenses, and the (volume or mass) specific cooling or heating power (SCP/SHP). Addressing the aim of designing an adsorbent heat exchanger, the article proposes a two-step procedure. The first step is the analysis of the COP, which is determined by the thermophysical properties of the adsorbent material and the working fluid, the temperature levels of the process, and the mass ratio between active adsorbent and heat exchanger material. Promising configurations reach a required COP and can be specified more detailed in a second step by estimating the power density. A simplified design approach taking the chain of heat and mass transfer resistances into account is presented, and examples of recently developed innovative adsorbent heat exchangers are shown.
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Abbreviations
- \({\text{A}}\) :
-
Adsorption potential (J/g)
- \(c_{{{\text{p}},{\text{ad}}}} /c_{\text{p,s,dry}} /c_{{{\text{p}},{\text{HX}}}} /c_{{{\text{p}},{\text{v}}}}\) :
-
Specific heat capacity of the adsorbate (ad)/the dry adsorbent (s,dry)/the heat exchanger (HX)/the vapor (v) (J/gK)
- \(C_{\text{s}} /C_{\text{fin}} /C_{\text{tb}}\) :
-
Capacity of the adsorbent layer (s), the heat exchanger fin (fin), and the heat exchanger tube (tb) (J/g)
- \(d_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Adsorbent layer thickness (m)
- \(\Delta G_{\text{g}}\) :
-
Difference in Gibbs free energy (J/g)
- \(h_{{{\text{s}},{\text{fin}}}}\) :
-
Heat transfer coefficient between adsorbent (s) and metal surface (fin) (W/m2K)
- \(\Delta h_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Loading-dependent adsorption enthalpy (J/g)
- \(\Delta \bar{h}_{s}\) :
-
Mean adsorption enthalpy (J/g)
- \(\Delta h_{{{\text{v}} }}\) :
-
Specific enthalpy of evaporation or condensation (J/g)
- \(k_{\text{LDF}}\) :
-
Linear driving force coefficient (1/s)
- \(m_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Dry mass of the adsorbent (G)
- \(m_{\text{HX}}\) :
-
Mass of the heat exchanger (G)
- M :
-
Molar mass (g/mol)
- \(p_{{}}\) :
-
Pressure (Pa)
- \(p_{\text{ch}}\) :
-
Vapor pressure of the chamber (Pa)
- \(p_{\text{cnd}}\) :
-
Condensation pressure (Pa)
- \(p_{\text{evp}}\) :
-
Evaporation pressure (Pa)
- \(p_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Pressure of the adsorbent layer (s) (Pa)
- \(p_{\text{sat}} \left( T \right)\) :
-
Evaporation pressure of a given temperature (Pa)
- \(Q_{\text{evp}}\) :
-
Latent heat of evaporation (J)
- \(Q_{\text{cnd}}\) :
-
Latent heat of condensation (J)
- \(Q_{\text{ads}}\) :
-
Latent heat of adsorption (J)
- \(Q_{\text{des}}\) :
-
Latent heat of desorption (J)
- \(\dot{Q}_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Sorptive heat flow (W)
- \(Q_{{{\text{sens}}, {\text{ads}} \to {\text{des}}}}\) :
-
Sensible heat of the adsorbent material, accumulated between desorption and adsorption temperature level (J)
- \(Q_{{{\text{sens}}, {\text{des}} \to {\text{ads}}}}\) :
-
Sensible heat of the adsorbent material, released between desorption and adsorption temperature level (J)
- \(Q_{{{\text{sens}},{\text{cnd}} \to {\text{ev}}}}\) :
-
Sensible heat released between condensation and evaporation (J)
- \(R_{{}}\) :
-
Universal gas constant (J/mol K)
- \(R_{\text{ref}}\) :
-
Reference quantity
- \(t_{{}}\) :
-
Time (s)
- \(t_{\text{cycle}}\) :
-
Cycle time (s)
- \(T_{{}}\) :
-
Temperature (K)
- \(T_{\text{eqi}}\) :
-
Equilibrium temperature (K)
- \(T_{\text{fin}}\) :
-
Temperature of the fin (lamella) (K)
- \(T_{\text{h}}\) :
-
High temperature of the adsorption cycle (K)
- \(\Delta T_{{{\text{h}},{\text{m}}}}\) :
-
Difference between the desorption temperature (T h) and the adsorption temperature (T m) (K)
- \(T_{\text{in}}\) :
-
Inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid (K)
- \(T_{\text{l}}\) :
-
Low temperature of the adsorption cycle (K)
- \(T_{\text{m}}\) :
-
Medium temperature of the adsorption cycle (K)
- \(\Delta T_{{{\text{m}},{\text{l}}}}\) :
-
Difference between the adsorption temperature (T m) and the evaporation temperature (T l) (K)
- \(T_{\text{out}}\) :
-
Outlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid (K)
- \(T_{\text{sat}}\) :
-
Saturation temperature (K)
- \(T_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Temperature of the adsorbent layer (s) (K)
- \(\left( {UA} \right)_{\text{Ad-HX}}\) :
-
Effective heat and mass transfer coefficient of the Ad-HX (W/K)
- \(\left( {UA} \right)_{{{\text{s}},{\text{fl}}}}\) :
-
Heat transfer coefficient between the adsorbent layer (s) and the heat transfer fluid (fl) (W/K)
- \(\left( {UA} \right)_{\text{Ad-HX}}^{ - 1}\) :
-
Effective heat and mass transfer resistance of the Ad-HX (K/W)
- \(\left( {UA} \right)_{\text{fin,tb}}^{ - 1}\) :
-
Conductive heat transfer resistance of the fin (K/W)
- \(\left( {UA} \right)_{\text{mt,eff}}^{ - 1}\) :
-
Mass transfer equivalent resistance of the working fluid (K/W)
- \(\left( {UA} \right)_{\text{s,fin}}^{ - 1}\) :
-
Contact resistance between the adsorbent layer (s) and the metal surface (fin) (K/W)
- \(\left( {UA} \right)_{\text{tb,fl}}^{ - 1}\) :
-
Convective heat transfer resistance to the heat transfer fluid (fl) (K/W)
- \(V\) :
-
Volume (m³)
- \(W\) :
-
Adsorbed volume (cm3/g)
- \(X\) :
-
Mass ratio of the working fluid and the dry adsorbent material (g/g)
- \(X_{\text{eqi}}\) :
-
Equilibrium loading (g/g)
- \(\Delta X\) :
-
Loading difference between maximum and minimum loading, e.g. \(\Delta X = X_{ \hbox{max} } - X_{ \hbox{min} }\) (g/g)
- \(X_{ \hbox{max} }\) :
-
Maximum loading of an adsorption cycle (g/g)
- \(X_{ \hbox{min} }\) :
-
Minimum loading of an adsorption cycle (g/g)
- \(\Delta\) :
-
Difference
- \(\lambda_{{{\text{s}},{\text{eff}}}}\) :
-
Effective heat conductivity of the adsorbent layer (s) (W/m K)
- \(\mu_{\text{ad}}\) :
-
Chemical potential of the adsorbed phase (J/g)
- \(\mu_{\text{liq}}\) :
-
Chemical potential of the liquid phase (J/g)
- \(\rho_{\text{liq}} \left( T \right)\) :
-
Liquid phase density (g/cm³)
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Schnabel, L. et al. (2018). Innovative Adsorbent Heat Exchangers: Design and Evaluation. In: Bart, HJ., Scholl, S. (eds) Innovative Heat Exchangers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71641-1_12
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