The Enemy Within: The Attack on Diplomats

Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71709-8_3

Linda Frey⁶ &
Marsha Frey⁷

Part of the book series: Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations ((SID))

268 Accesses

Abstract

The French revolutionaries attacked not only the foreign minister but also diplomacy and its practitioners. The post of foreign minister was increasingly suspect and perilous as was that of diplomat. In the view of many, diplomats were glib, ambitious intriguers, who reveled in outward show, no better than protected spies. Diplomats found themselves in a precarious position because of the vicious factionalism at home and endemic hostility abroad. They faced official and unofficial scrutiny. Shifting definitions of loyalty, combined with the rise and fall of factions, meant the evisceration of the diplomatic corps which impacted relations with other states. This evisceration would have been even more critical but for the increasing isolation of France within the European international order.

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Notes

1.
Camille Desmoulins, Révolutions de France and et Brabant, no. 6 (1790): 275. This issue was an attack on Choiseul-Gouffier and Montmorin. Quoted in Kaiser, “From Fiscal Crisis to Revolution,” in From Deficit to Deluge, ed. Kaiser and Van Kley, 162.
2.
Sorel, Europe and the French Revolution, 18 quotes Cardinal Guillaume Dubois (1656–1723).
3.
Louis Marie Prudhomme, Révolutions de Paris, no. 92, 16 April 1791.
4.
Jean de la Bruyère, The Characters (New York: Brentano’s, 1929), 254–258.
5.
For Thomas Paine “the diplomatic character is of itself the narrowest sphere of society that man can act in. It forbids intercourse by a reciprocity of suspicion; and a Diplomatic is a sort of unconnected atom, continually repelling and being repelled.” Thomas Paine , The Rights of Man in Collected Writings (New York: Library of America, 1955), 491–492.
6.
Gilbert, The ‘New Diplomacy’ of the Eighteenth Century, 36.
7.
Brissot de Warville, Le Patriote François, no. 600, 31 mars 1791.
8.
Louis H. Kientz, J. H. Campe et la Révolution française avec des lettres et documents inédits (Paris: H. Didier, 1939), 34.
9.
Quoted in Masson, Le Département des affaires étrangères pendant la Révolution, 153–154.
10.
Jefferson did not expect that the United States would be driven “into completion of the a-diplomatic system.” Jefferson to William Short , 23 January 1804, in American Historical Review 33 (July 1928): 833.
11.
Gilbert, The New Diplomacy of the Eighteenth Century, 10.
12.
James der Derian, On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), 165.
13.
Ibid., 179.
14.
Moniteur 12 (4 avril 1792): 33.
15.
Aulard, ed., Recueil des actes du comité de salut public 4: 485–486, 8 June 1793. Intellectuals, such as Simon-Nicholas-Henri Linguet (1731–1794), who was later guillotined for his defense of the king, mused that if princes negotiated directly rather than relying on their agents, it would result in a “une politique toute nouvelle.” Linguet quoted in Bély, L’Art de la paix en Europe, 647. That strategy had of course been tried earlier and rejected partly because so many had died in the attempt.
16.
Ferdinand Brunot, Histoire de la langue française des origins à 1900, 14 vols. (Paris: Armand Colin, 1905–1927, 9: part 2: 919.
17.
Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville, J.P. Brissot , Deputy of Eure and Loire to his Constituents (London: John Stockdale, 1794), 83.
18.
Aulard, La Société des Jacobins, 3: 622.
19.
Masson, Le Département des affaires étrangères pendant la Révolution, 297.
20.
Charles François Dumouriez, Mémoire sur le ministère des affaires étrangères (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1791), 5.
21.
Jacques-Pierre Brissot, Discours de J.P. Brissot , député sur les dispositions des puissances étrangères (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1791?), 43–44.
22.
Blaga, L’Évolution de la diplomatie.
23.
Virginie Martin, “Le Comité diplomatique: homicide par décret de la diplomatie (1790–1793)?” La Révolution française: Cahiers de l’Institut d’histoire de la Révolution française 3 (2012): 1–33. See also Hamish Scott, “A Model of Conduct from the Age of Chivalry? Honour, International Decline and the End of the Bourbon Monarchy,” in The Crisis of the Absolute Monarchy, ed. Swann and Félix, 201.
24.
Géraud Poumarède, “Le Bouleversement des relations internationales pendant la Révolution française,” in Le Bouleversement de l’ordre du monde, Révoltes et révolutions en Europe et aux Amériques à la fin du 18e siècle, ed. Jean Pierre Poussou et al. (Paris: Sedes, 2004), 410–412. For Professor Koch, a most distinguished jurist, see Jürgen Voss, “Christophe Guillaume Koch (1737–1813): Homme politique et historiographe contemporain de la Révolution, ” History of European Ideas 13, no. 5 (1991): 531–532; Jean Richerateau, Le Rôle politique du Professor Koch (Strasbourg: Imprimerie Alsacienne, 1936) and Michaud, Biographie universelle, 22: 84–86.
25.
Archives parlementaires, 66: 4, 3 June 1793.
26.
Aulard, ed. Recueil des actes du Comité de salut public, 1: 1.
27.
G. J. A. Ducher, Douanes nationales et affaires étrangères (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, n.d.), esp. 2–3.
28.
Armand-Marc, comte de Montmorin, Observations sur le chapitre VIII d’un imprimé ayant pour titre Livre Rouge (Paris: Baudouin, 1790).
29.
Masson, Le Département des affaires étrangères pendant la Révolution, 101.
30.
C.-Alexandre Geoffrey de Grandmaison, L’Ambassade française en Espagne pendant la Révolution (1789–1804) (Paris: Plon, 1892), 67. Also see Virginie Martin, “La Révolution française ou’l’ère du soupçon ‘Diplomatie et dénociation.” Hypothèse 12 (2009): 131–140.
31.
France, Recueil, 18: Diète germanique, 377–378, instructions to Marbois of 1 January 1792.
32.
Ibid., 380.
33.
Ibid., 378.
34.
Ibid., 380. Burke, for example, thought—and he was not alone—that “a general spirit of treachery governed these ministers who intended the subversion of monarchies.” See Centre for Kentish Studies, U269 Sackville Manuscripts, Mss C 186, Edmund Burke to Dorset, 11 September 1791.
35.
France, Recueil, 18: Diète germanique, 378.
36.
Ibid., 380.
37.
Ibid., 378.
38.
Révolutions de France et de Brabant 6 (1790): 275.
39.
William Doyle, Aristocracy and Its Enemies in the Age of Revolution (Oxford: University Press, 2009), especially Chaps. 6 and 7.
40.
Marc Belissa, “La Diplomatie et les traités dans la pensée des lumières,” 297 and 302.
41.
Brissot, Discours sur la denonciation contre le comité autrichien et contre M. Montmorin, 21.
42.
Le Comité de Salut public de la Convention nationale à la société populaire de la section de des droits de l’homme (Paris, 23 brumaire, an II), 2.
43.
Custine, Le Général Custine au president de la Convention Nationale, 7.
44.
Louis de Saint-Just, Oeuvres complètes ed. Charles Vellay (Paris: Librarire Charpentier et Fasquelle, 1908) 2: 372, 26 germinal II.
45.
Black, British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolution, 1783–1793, 48.
46.
Clive H. Church, Revolution and Red Tape: The French Ministerial Bureaucracy, 1770–1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), 84.
47.
Ibid.
48.
Victor Du Pont complained that he found himself working next to a young man who had never worked in foreign affairs but who made considerably more than he did. Hagley, W3-238, 26 December 1794.
49.
Hagley, W3-265, Victor Du Pont to his father, 1 thermidor, n.y. [19 July 1795].
50.
Hagley, W3-202, Victor Du Pont to his father, Charleston , 10 brumaire, v [31 October 1796].
51.
The data for these figures comes from Linda Frey and Marsha Frey, “Proven Patriots”: The French Diplomatic Corps, 1789–1799 (St. Andrews, Scotland: St. Andrew Studies in French History and Culture, 2011). Also available on line: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/1881.
52.
Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution française, 2: 428–429.
53.
Virginie Martin, “Devenir diplomate en Révolution: Naissance de la ‘carrière diplomatique,”Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 63, no. 3 (2016): 110–135.
54.
He scathingly attacked “neutral powers, inept ministers, scandalous expenses, ridiculous negotiations, deceptive promises, exhausted treasuries.” Saint-Just, Oeuvres complètes, 2: 331–332.
55.
Ibid., 2: 334–350.
56.
A. A. E., C.P., États Unis, vol. 39 part v. The French consul in New York Alexandre Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, comte d’ Hauterive, confided that if he were not given sanctuary in the United States, he would go live with the savages, rather than return to a sure death under the Terror. Frances S. Childs, “The Hauterive Journal,” The New York Historical Society Quarterly, 33 (April 1949): 86, n. 32.
57.
Hagley, W3-240, Victor Du Pont to his wife, n.d.
58.
Peter P. Hill, French Perceptions of the Early American Republic, 1783–1793 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988), 11.
59.
Sir George Jackson, Diaries and Letters of Sir George Jackson, K. C. H., ed. Lady Catherine Hannah Charlotte Jackson (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1872), 1: 9, letter of 31 October 1801.
60.
Hill, French Perceptions of the Early American Republic, 1783–1793, 8.
61.
Édouard Chapuisat, De la Terreur de l’annexation: Génève et la République française, 1793–1798 (Geneva: Edition ATAR, 1912), 93–94.
62.
France, Recueil, 26: Venise, 316–317.
63.
B. L., Add. Mss. 46832, fol. 326, 18 February 1796; fol. 328 20 February 1796; fol. 330, March 1796. Also see B. L., Add. Mss. 46830, fol. 161 Genoa, 9 November 1795; fol. 170, 24 November 1795.
64.
André F. Miot de Melito, Memoirs of Miot de Melito, Minister, Ambassador, Councillor of State, ed. Wilhelm August Fleischmann (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1881), 117.
65.
Michaud, 32: 540–541; Otto Friedrich Winter, Repertorium der diplomatischen Vertreter aller Länder seit des Westfälischen Frieden (Graz: Verlag Herman Böhlaus, 1965), 3: 136, 137, 140.
66.
Brissot, Discours de J. P. Brissot député de Paris sur la nécessité d’exiger une satisfation de l’Empereur, 8–9.
67.
Guyot, Le Directoire et la paix de l’Europe, 87.
68.
J. T. Murley, The Origins and Outbreak of the Anglo-French War of 1793, unpublished dissertation (Oxford, 1959), 82; Jeremy Black “From Pillnitz to Valmy: British Foreign Policy and Revolutionary France 1791–1792,” Francia: Forschungen zur westeuropäischen Geschichte 21 (l994): 141.
69.
Robespierre’s support had garnered Payan the appointment to the committee of correspondence of the Committee of Public Safety in August 1793 and in September appointment to the Revolutionary Tribunal. He would die in Thermidor.
70.
François Barthélemy, Papiers du Barthélemy, edited by Jean Kaulek, 4 vols. (Paris: F. Alcan, 1886–1910), 3: 263–4, Deforgues to Barthélemy, Dec 1793; Chapuisat, De la Terreur de l’annexation, 22. David A. Silverman, “Informal Diplomacy: The Foreign Policy of the Robespierrist Committee of Public Safety,” University of Washington, Ph.D., unpublished dissertation, 1973, 148–149.
71.
Hermann Hüffer, ed. Quellen zur Geschichte des Zeitalters der französischen Revolution. Teil 2: Quellen zur Geschichte der diplomatischen Verhandlungen Erster Band: Der Frieden von Campoformio (Innsbruck: Verlage der Wagner’schen Universitäts-Buchhandlungen, 1907), 52, Gallo to Thugut, Laufenbourg, 15 June 1796.
72.
Blaga, L’Évolution de la diplomatie, 454.
73.
Édouard Chapuisat, La Suisse et la Révolution française: Épisodes (Geneva: Edition du Mont-Blanc, 1945), 56–57; Marc Peter, Genève et la Révolution (Geneva: Alex Julien, 1950), 2: 29; Michaud, 39: 675–676.
74.
Hüffer, ed. Quellen zur Geschichte des Zeitalters der französischen Revolution, part 2: vol. 1: 39, Degelmann to Thugut , Basel , 15 April 1796.
75.
Thomas M. Iiams, Peacemaking from Vergennes to Napoleon (Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger, 1979), 104.
76.
Hagley, W3-313, 19 nivôse V [7 January 1797], Victor Du Pont to family and W3-315, extract of letter to his colleagues [7 January 1797]. The revolution, he thought, was “not yet finished because France is still subject to an arbitrary and revolutionary government.” Hagley, W3-320, Victor Du Pont to the family, 15 ventôse, V [3 March 1797].
77.
Jean-Paul-Francois-Nicolas, vicomte de Barras, Memoirs of the Directorate (New York: Harper and Bros., 1895), 2: 497.
78.
Adrien Fleury Dry, Soldats ambassadeurs sous le Directoire, an IV-an VIII (Paris: Plon, 1906), 1: 43.
79.
Guyot, Le Directoire, 76–77.
80.
After brumaire he returned to France and was chosen for the Senate. Louis XVIII made him a marquis in 1818.
81.
B. L., Add. Mss. 46830, fol. 161, Drake Papers, 9 Octobre 1795.
82.
Grandmaison, L’Ambassade française, 115–125.
83.
Hagley, W3-288, Victor Du Pont to his family, 10 June 1796.
84.
Hagley, W3-1360, Letombe to Victor Du Pont , 23 ventôse, VI [13 March 1798].
85.
Hagley, W3-1359, Letombe to Victor Du Pont, Philadelphia, 23 ventôse VI [13 March1798].
86.
Hagley, W3-1259, Bournonville to Victor Du Pont, 12 floréal, V [1 May 1797].
87.
Hagley, W3-1262, Adet to Victor Du Pont, Philadelphia, 15 floréal, V [4 May 1797].
88.
Hagley, W3-1323, Adet to Victor Du Pont, 9 brumaire, VI [30 October 1797].
89.
Hagley, W3-1296, Letombe to Victor Du Pont [22 August 1797].
90.
Hénin had served in 1785 as secretary of legation at Triers, in 1786 as secretary of embassy at Venice, from 1788 to 1793 as chargé at Venice , and from 1793 to 1795 as chargé at Constantinople.
91.
Iiams, Peacemaking from Vergennes to Napoleon, 128.
92.
Ibid., 129.
93.
Étienne-Félix Hénin de Cuvilliers, Sommaire de correpondance d’Étienne-Félix Hénin, chargé d’affaires de la République française à Constantinople pendant la 1re 2e et 3e années de la République (Paris: Imprimérie du dépôt des lois, an IV), 3, 12–13, 24–25, 33, 55, 68, 160.
94.
Alphone Aulard, Études et leçons sur la Révolution française, (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1902), 240; Sorel, L’Europe and la Révolution française, 4: 66. At least one of those men urged the Committee of Public Safety to name a patriotic and Montagnard negotiator and to put Descorches under surveillance. Édouard de Marcère, Une Ambassade à Constantinople: La Politique orientale de la Révolution française (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1927), 1: 309–348.
95.
Ibid., 1: 303–305.
96.
Ibid., 2: 109–154.
97.
They sent Jean Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon, a member of the Mountain (1766–1795), who never went, and two other commissioners, Charles François Dubois-Thainville and Fourcade.
98.
Silverman, “Informal Diplomacy,” 148–149.
99.
Iiams, Peacemaking from Vergennes to Napoleon, 129.
100.
Marcère, Une Ambassade à Constantinople, 2: 156–263.
101.
Ibid., 1: 348.
102.
Ibid., 2: 155–156.
103.
Martin, “La Révolution française ou’l’ère du soupçon ‘Diplomatie et dénociation,’” Hypothèse 12 (2009): 136.
104.
[Philippe-Antoine Grouvelle], Lettre à Monsieur le Rédacteur de la Gazette nationale, ou le Moniteur universel [France, s.n., 1790?].
105.
A. A. E., C.P., États Unis 44, 1795, fol. 275 report of 17 fructidor, year 3.
106.
Frederick Jackson Turner, ed., Correspondence of the French Ministers to the United States 1791–1797, 2 vols. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), 2: 810, 18 April 1796. Also see Turner, 2: 771, 18 August 1795. The revolutionary governments tended to resort to oaths to try to guarantee the loyalty of those abroad. Hagley, W3-1095, Delacroix to Victor Du Pont, 1 pluviôse, iv [2 January 1796] and W3-312, Victor Du Pont to Letombe, Charleston , 18 pluviôse, an VI.
107.
Ibid., 2: 771, 18 August 1795.
108.
A.N., F. série administration générale de la France, F/7, Police générale, 4402 Comité de sûreté générale., comité diplomatique. Imprisoned in June 1793, he was released in August but that reprieve was short-lived. He again fell under suspicion and was executed in May 1794 after giving absolution to his fellow prisoners.
109.
A. N., F. série administration générale de la France, F/7, Police générale, 4395 Comité de sûreté générale., 13 October 1792.
110.
A. A. E., C.P., États-Unis, 44, 1795, part 2, fol. 176–182, Philadelphia, Adet and Lecombe to the Committee of Public Safety.
111.
Turner, ed., Correspondence of the French Ministers to the United States 1791–1797, 1: 316 and 386.
112.
Hagley, W3-261, Victor Du Pont to his family, 28 June 1795.
113.
Turner, ed., Correspondence of the French Ministers to the United States 1791–1797, 2: 760–761.
114.
Hagley, W3-1057, Letombe to Victor Du Pont, Philadelphia, 26 September 1795.
115.
A. A. E., C.P., États Unis, 44, 1795, part 2, fols. 176–182, report of Adet and Lecombe. See also fols. 183–184 and 187–191.
116.
Turner, ed. Correspondence of the French Ministers to the United States 1791–1797, 2: 390, Fauchet and Le Blanc to Minister of Foreign Affairs, 7 May 1794.
117.
Miot de Melito, Memoirs, 98.
118.
Iiams, Peacemaking from Vergennes to Napoleon, 95.
119.
Lincolnshire Archives, Papers of Sir Richard Worsley , 17, fol. 96, 4 May 1797.
120.
A. A. E., État Unis, C.P., vol. 41, part 5, fol. 332, Fauchet? 15 fructidor year 2.
121.
Joseph Fauchet, “Mémoire sur les États-Unis d’Amérique,” edited by Carl Ludwig Lokke, Annual Report of the American Historical Association 1 (1936): 118.
122.
A. A. E., État Unis, C.P., vol., 44, part 4, fol. 450–452, Fauchet to citizen ministers of foreign relations, no date.
123.
B. Mirkine-Guetzévitch, “L’Influence de la Révolution française sur le développement du droit international dans l’Europe orientale,” Recueil des Cours 2 (1928): 299–456.
124.
P.R.O., FO, 27/38, dispatch of 9 March 1792, Paris.
125.
Grandmaison, L’Ambassade francaise en Espagne pendant la revolution (1789–1804), 131.
126.
Joseph-Henri Lasalle, J. H. Lasalle à M. Mallet du Pan, sur la Révolution de Venise et les affairs d’Italia (Paris: Chez les marchands de nouveautés, 1797), 7.
127.
H. T. Colenbrander, Gedenkstukken der Algemeene Geschiedenis van Nederland van 1795 tot 1840. vol. 1: Nederland en de revolutie, 1789–1795 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1905), 283, 12 June 1792, Auckland to Grenville.
128.
Ibid., 284, Auckland to Grenville , 15 June 1792.
129.
Ibid., 177, Van de Spiegel aan Mevrouw d’Aelders, 14 July 1792.
130.
Ibid., 284, Auckland to Grenville , 22 June 1792.
131.
Ibid., 285, Auckland to Grenville , 6 July 1792.
132.
Lincolnshire Archives, Papers of Sir Richard Worsley , 13, fol. 178 Worsley to Grenville, Venice, 31 October 1794 and 13, fol. 240, Worsley to George Baldwin, Venice, 12 December 1794.
133.
Ibid., 14, fol. 1, Grenville to Worsley , Downing Street, 30 December 1794.
134.
Ibid., fol. 4, Worsley to Grenville, Venice, 27 February 1795.
135.
Ibid., fol. 171, Worsley to Grenville, Venice, 19 April 1797.
136.
B. L., Add Mss. 48388, fol. 9 Paget to Grenville, 18 October 1798.
137.
Ibid., fol. 32 Paget to Grenville , Munich, 28 February 1799.
138.
Ibid., fol. 40, Paget to Grenville , Munich, 31 March 1799.
139.
Ibid., fol. 44, Paget to Grenville, Munich, 16 April 1799.
140.
Ibid., fol. 40, Paget to Grenville, Munich, 31 March 1799.
141.
A. A. E, C.P., vol. 44, part III, fol. 253, Adet to Randolph, Philadelphia, 23 thermidor, year 3 and Turner, ed. Correspondence of the French Ministers to the United States 1791–1797, 2: 772, 25 August 1795.
142.
For example, see the Historical Society of Philadelphia, 1454 Cadwallader Papers, series 5: Phineas Bond papers, box 205, particularly his correspondence with Captain Alexander Ball.
143.
The Historical Society of Philadelphia, 1454 Cadwallader Papers, series 5: Phineas Bond papers, box 206, Thomas Forsyth to Phineas Bond, 11 February 1797, and box 205, Captain Ball to Phineas Bond, Halifax, 17 November 1795.

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Department of History, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
Linda Frey
Department of History, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
Marsha Frey

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Frey, L., Frey, M. (2018). The Enemy Within: The Attack on Diplomats. In: The Culture of French Revolutionary Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71709-8_3

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71709-8_3
Published: 16 March 2018
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