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Geophysical Methods for Cultural Heritage

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Geophysical Methods for Cultural Heritage Management

Part of the book series: Springer Geophysics ((SPRINGERGEOPHYS))

Abstract

The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has been used by many geophysics for archaeological investigations since the 1960s. The electrical resistivity parameter, on which the method is based, has such a large variability to allow the great majority of the structures and bodies of archaeological and architectural interest to be readily distinguished, in principle, from the hosting material. In general, the rock resistivity depends on many factors, as water content in fissures and fractures, porosity, degree of saturation and nature of pore electrolytes. In dry state, most rocks are non-conducting, i.e. they have extremely high resistivities, which decrease rapidly with existence of fluids, usually containing various ions to form the electrolytic solution. In archaeological prospecting, the presence of a high resistivity anomaly is usually an indicator of some resistive structure, such as the presence of accumulated tiles, a stone wall, building foundation or a cavity respect to the less resistive hosting soil. Instead, the presence of a moist ditch filling in a resistive rock background is characterised by a low conductive anomaly. In the study of historical buildings, where for capillary ascent of humidity and ingression of more or less aggressive waters, internal alteration nucleuses, typically characterised by very low resistivities, become the sources of degradation and even dis-aggregation of structure. To investigate the resistivity distribution along a profile, an apparent resistivity dataset is collected by means of a device composed of a pair of energizing electrodes that sends the current into the ground and a pair of potentiometric electrodes that measures the potential difference generated by the current input. Nowadays, sophisticated low-cost multi-electrode instruments are available, which store a considerable sequence of data in a detailed way. A numerical inversion is used to convert measured apparent resistivity distributed along a pseudosection to electrical resistivity values displayed as a function of depth below surface. The geoelectric resistivity tomography (ERT) approach comes from taking many apparent resistivity determinations at as many locations as possible and involves the joint inversion of many independent tests, using an algorithm to discern subtle details from differences, which would otherwise not be seen in any one test.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Telford W.M., Geldart L.P., Sheriff R.E., Keys D.A., 1976. Applied Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A., 860 pp.

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  1. University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy

    Marilena Cozzolino & Paolo Mauriello

  2. ITABC (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy

    Elisa Di Giovanni, Salvatore Piro & Daniela Zamuner

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Cozzolino, M., Di Giovanni, E., Mauriello, P., Piro, S., Zamuner, D. (2018). Geophysical Methods for Cultural Heritage. In: Geophysical Methods for Cultural Heritage Management. Springer Geophysics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74790-3_3

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