Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental Impacts in Relation to Wind Energy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Wind Energy for Power Generation

  • 2084 Accesses

Abstract

The environmental impacts irrespective of the energy source can range from extremely deleterious to acceptable minimum levels. In the case of fossil power generation, impacts could be extremely harmful in terms of long-term human health hazards. In the case of renewable energies such as solar and wind, the effect on health can be of acceptable levels, whereas in the case of biomass and bioenergy, it can be a minimax depending upon the surrounding environmental areas. For example, if farm products, located in sparsely populated areas with low-density development, are used for power generation, depending upon the level of carbon emissions, these could be acceptable for interim power generation. Thus, in addition to large scale, medium scale, or small scale of operation, consideration of the location where the generation takes place is important. The following seven World Bank regions are addressed such as the Pacific region; Europe and Central Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean; the Middle East and North Africa; sub-Sahara; South Asia; Canada, Mexico, and the rest of North America; and finally the United States.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Data from CMIP3, CMIP5, and NOAA NCDC, cited in http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate#intro-section-2

  2. 2.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_Concentration _Pathways

  3. 3.

    Rafaj P., Rao S., Klimont Z., Kolp P., and Schöpp W. (2010). Emissions of air pollutants implied by global long-term energy scenarios, IIASA Interim Report, IR-10-019. IIASA, Laxenburg, cited in http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y;

  4. 4.

    “RCP 8.5: A scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions” by Keywan Riahi et al. in Climate Change, November 2011, cited in http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  5. 5.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  6. 6.

    Riahi K., Gruebler A., and Nakicenovic N. (2007). Scenarios of long-term socio-economic and environmental development under climate stabilization. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 74(7):887–935, cited in http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  7. 7.

    Messner S. and Strubegger M. (1995). User’s guide for MESSAGE III. WP-95-96, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria; and Rao S., Riahi K. (2006) The role of non-CO2 greenhouse gases in climate change mitigation: long-term scenarios for the 21st century. Energy J Spec Issue 3:177–200

  8. 8.

    Rokityanskiy D., Benitez P., Kraxner F., McCallum I., Obersteiner M., Rametsteiner E., and Yamagata Y. (2007). Geographically explicit global modeling of land-use change, carbon sequestration, and biomass supply. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 74(7):1057–1082

  9. 9.

    Fischer G., Tubiello F. N., van Velthuizen H., and Wiberg D. A. (2007) Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirements: effects of mitigation. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 74(7):1083–1107

  10. 10.

    Grubler et al. (2007)

  11. 11.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  12. 12.

    Fischer G., Hizsnyik E., Prieler S., Shah M., and van Velthuizen H. (2009). Biofuels and food security. OFID/IIASA, Vienna/Laxenburg. Available at: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/luc07/Homepage-News-Highlights/Biofuels%20Report%20Final.pdf, accessed in Mai 2010

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    Fischer G., Tubiello F. N., van Velthuizen H., and Wiberg D. A. (2007). Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirements: effects of mitigation. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 74(7):1083–1107

  15. 15.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  16. 16.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  17. 17.

    Amann M., Bertok I., Borken J., Chambers A., Cofala J., Dentener F., Heyes C., Kejun J., Klimont K., Makowski M., Matur R., Purohit P., Rafaj P., Sandler R., Schöpp W., Wagner F., and Winiwarter W. (2008a). GAINS-Asia. A tool to combat air pollution and climate change simultaneously. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg

  18. 18.

    Cofala J., Amann M., Klimont Z., Kupiainen K., and Höglund-Isaksson L. (2007). Scenarios of global anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and methane until 2030. Atmos Environ 41:8486–8499. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.010

  19. 19.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y#Fn2

  20. 20.

    World Energy Assessment (WEA) (2000). Holdren J. P. and K. Smith et al., Energy, the Environment, and Health (http://www.undp.org/energy/activities/wea/drafts-frame.html)

  21. 21.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  22. 22.

    Fischer G., Tubiello F. N., van Velthuizen H., and Wiberg D. A. (2007). Climate change impacts on irrigation water requirements: effects of mitigation. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 74(7):1083–1107

  23. 23.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  24. 24.

    BP Statistical Review of World Energy, www.bp.com/statisticalreview. Accessed in May 2011

  25. 25.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  26. 26.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  27. 27.

    “RCP 8.5: A scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions” by Keywan Riahi et al. in Climate Change, November 2011, cited in http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  28. 28.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  29. 29.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  30. 30.

    Hurtt G. C., Chini L. P., Frolking S., Betts R., Feddema J. et al. (2011) Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands. Climatic Change (this SI), cited in http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  31. 31.

    Van Vuuren D. P., Riahi K. (2011). The relationship between short-term emissions and long-term concentration targets – a letter. Climatic Change, 104(3–4):793–801, cited in http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  32. 32.

    The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD is an intergovernmental economic organization with 35 member countries, founded in 1960 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development.

  33. 33.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  34. 34.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  35. 35.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  36. 36.

    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0149-y

  37. 37.

    https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change#Sealevel

  38. 38.

    https://judithcurry.com/2015/12/13/a-closer-look-at-scenario-rcp8-5/

  39. 39.

    https://judithcurry.com/2015/12/13/a-closer-look-at-scenario-rcp8-5/

  40. 40.

    Gerland, P. et al., Science 10 Oct. 2014, cited in https://judithcurry.com/2015/12/13/a-closer-look-at-scenario-rcp8-5/

  41. 41.

    IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA , cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  42. 42.

    https://judithcurry.com/2015/12/13/a-closer-look-at-scenario-rcp8-5/

  43. 43.

    https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  44. 44.

    IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA

  45. 45.

    IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Ibid.

  48. 48.

    http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/ cited in Ibid.

  49. 49.

    NRC (2011). Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia Exit. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA , cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  50. 50.

    IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  51. 51.

    USGCRP (2014) Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe (eds.), 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, cited in

    https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  52. 52.

    IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  53. 53.

    NRC (2011). Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia Exit. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA , cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  54. 54.

    IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  55. 55.

    USGCRP (2014) Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe (eds.), 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  56. 56.

    NRC (2011). Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia Exit. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA , cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  57. 57.

    IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  58. 58.

    USGCRP (2014) Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, Eds., 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program; and IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  59. 59.

    Clean Edge; and Clean Energy Trends, 2009, pgs. 1–4

  60. 60.

    Conference on the Establishment of the International Renewable Energy Agency, Statute of IRENA, 26 January 2009, Bonn, World Conference Center, IRENA/FC/Statute

  61. 61.

    “Implementation of Green Bookkeeping at Reykjavik Energy.” Rio02.com. http://www.rio02.com/proceedings/pdf/031_Gissuarson.pdf

  62. 62.

    “Employment, environment at odds – US agency won’t back sale of coal equipment; company says that costs jobs”; by James R. Hagerty and Amol Sharma; Wall Street Journal, June 28, 2010; pg. A6

  63. 63.

    “The dirty truth about the air – New research weighs pollution’s effect on heart health, obesity and fertility”; by Sarah Baldauf, US News & World Report, April 2010; pg.66

  64. 64.

    “Environmentalism as religion”; by Paul H. Rubin; Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2010; pg. A21

  65. 65.

    “Senate halts effort to cap CO2 emissions –Democrats forego centerpiece of President Obama’s energy plan, as cap and trade fails to lure broad support in congress” – by Stephen Power, 7-23-10; pg. A3

  66. 66.

    “Can countries cut carbon emissions without hurting economic growth?: yes, ‘The Transition Can Be Gradual – and Affordable’ by Robert Stavins; No: Alternatives Are Simply Too Expensive by Steven F. Hayward”; Sept. 21, 2009; pg. R1

  67. 67.

    “Take green path, US business warned: Special envoy sees losses for polluters; Starkest official rebuke to industry” by Fiona Harvey, London; April 8, 2009; pg. 9

  68. 68.

    ASME, ME Magazine “Grades for carbon reduction,” by Harry Hutchinson, July 2010; pg. 10

  69. 69.

    Wall Street Journal: “Reducing emissions, and a guilty conscience” – by Nancy Matsumoto, 4-15-10; pg. D4

  70. 70.

    “A new flight over pollution curbs takes root –energy intensive companies hope to counter emissions by preserving trees that might not have been at risk of destruction”; by Jeffrey Ball; Wall Street Journal, July 24, 2009; pg. A11

  71. 71.

    “Mysterious green meanies – parakeets in her New York Garden Prompted Judith Matloff to investigate the wider effects of global warming,” Financial Times, 5-31-09; pg. 1

  72. 72.

    “Why green matters now – an old debate has taken on a sudden new urgency,” by Brian Kelley, US News World Report, April 2009; pg. 4; and “Stuck in the money pipelines: Many clean energy stimulus projects have yet to get off the ground,” by Anna Mulrine, US News & World Report, April 2010; pg. 30

  73. 73.

    “Getting rid of green” – why columnist Tom Friedman thinks we’re dumb about energy”; News Week & World Report, April 13, 2009; pg.50

  74. 74.

    “The New Energy Economy” by Kent Garber, USN&WR: April 2009; pg. 14

  75. 75.

    “The Dirty Dilemma of Canadian Crude: Tar sands oil comes at an environmental cost. But blocking if from the U.S. may make matters worse,” by Damian Joseph, TIME Magazine, March 23, 2009; pgs. 65, 66

  76. 76.

    “Show me the money at tax time – Consumers who go green may qualify for federal credits and deductions”; by Debra Bell; US News & World Report, April 2010; pg. 64

  77. 77.

    “Side by side in need for green growth: China and America try cooperation,” US News & World Report, by Joshua Kucera, April 2010; pg. 42

  78. 78.

    “Green vs. Growth: The battle rages on – in the 1990s, conservationists won converts with an economic-growth agenda. But the issue is far from settled,” by Stephanie Simon, Wall Street Journal, 4-18-10; pg. R7

  79. 79.

    “Is Obama the first green US President?” by Anna Fifield, Financial Times, Sept. 21, 2009; pg. 5

  80. 80.

    “Why the clean air act may be past its prime – critics say that applying the 1970s law to today’s problems will stifle growth and kill jobs”; by Stephen Power; Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2010; pg. R5; and “Renewable Energy’s Power Outage; Stalled stimulus programs deter investment; ‘Artificially slowed Recovery’” by Yuliya Chernova, WSJ July 8, 2009; pg. C3

  81. 81.

    “Renewable Energy’s Power Outage; Stalled stimulus programs deter investment; ‘Artificially slowed Recovery’” by Yuliya Chernova, Wall Street Journal, July 8, 2009; pg. C3

  82. 82.

    “A rough time for green investments – the stock prices of many alternative energy firms have hit record lows”; April 2009; US News & World Report; pg. 64

  83. 83.

    “Obama’s green light for green jobs – All that stimulus dough should make clean energy a fertile sector after the recession” by Mary Duan, US News & World Report, May 2009; pg. 30

  84. 84.

    “Why the clean air act may be past its prime – critics say that applying the 1970s law to today’s problems will stifle growth and kill jobs”; by Stephen Power; Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2010; pg. R5

  85. 85.

    “Siemens seeks bigger U.S. stake” by Paul Glader, Wall Street Journal, 8; 10-10; pg. B6

  86. 86.

    WSJ: “Creating environmental capital,” 3-8-10; pg. R1

  87. 87.

    “Institutions lead the way in investments: Socially responsible funds have held up well in the crisis,” by Deborah Brewster; Financial Times, June 4, 2009; pg. 3

  88. 88.

    “Pushing for the next breakthroughs,” by Kent Garber; US News & World Report, April 2009; pg. 32

  89. 89.

    “A National Grid that thinks: Key to ‘Smart,’ secure electricity of the future may be educating consumers” by Alex Kingsbury; US News & World Report, April 2010; pg. 37

  90. 90.

    ASME ME Magazine: “Utilities are revamping the American power system – one headache at a time’ Utilities had been talking about upgrading the electrical grid for decade,” by Bridget Mintz Testa, Dec. 2009; pgs. 24–28

  91. 91.

    Mid-term Election: “Options for climate bill narrow – Obama is running out of time to try and turn around what looks like a tough campaign” – by Edward Luce, 6-30-10; pg. 2; and “Climate change bill is now a long shot – but meaningful action on carbon emissions is still possible,” Financial Times, 5-17-10; pg. 10

  92. 92.

    “Climate change is seen as a threat to US security; Wall Street Journal, Aug. 19, 2009; pg. 4

  93. 93.

    “US Must Lead by Example,” April 2009, pg. 10, US News & World Report

  94. 94.

    “Turning up the heat on climate change: House Energy Committee Chair Henry Waxman Wants Congress to Act, Now!” by Katherine Skiba and Amenda Ruggeri, US News & World Report, April 2009; pg. 36

  95. 95.

    “Obama’s backing increases hopes for climate pact: Sharp shift from past; US Takes center stage in talks on fighting global warming,” by Elizabeth Rosenthal, New York Times, March 1, 2009; pgs. 1, 10

  96. 96.

    “New Data fuel debate on climate – Researchers claim their findings prove that greenhouse gases are to blame for warming” by Fiona Harvey, Financial Times, 7-29-10; pg. 4

  97. 97.

    “It’s the critics of warming who lack credibility,” by Edward Nelson, Wall Street Journal, Houston,7-16-10; pg. A16

  98. 98.

    “Global Treaty a Fool’s Paradise: Environmental groups are, ironically, impeding increased use of carbon-free technology” by William L. Kovacs, US News & World Report, April 2009; pg. 11

  99. 99.

    “In California, Green means growth – why smart regulations can help, not hurt, the economy,” by Stefan Theil, US News & World Report, March 2009; pg. 38.

  100. 100.

    “The crusade against global warming makes a convenient foil in arguing against industrial economic growth,” US News & World Report, March 2009; pg. 38

  101. 101.

    “Scientists reassert man’s role in a changing climate” by Gautam Naik, Wall Street Journal, 5-20-10; pg. A9

  102. 102.

    “The front line of climate war – Both sides vie for support in small – Town America” by Kent Garber, US News & World Report, April 2010; pgs. 18–20

  103. 103.

    “Consensus is no such thing” by James Inhofe, US News & World Report, April 2010, pg. 20

  104. 104.

    “Scientists call on world leaders to take action on climate change,” Financial Times, July 7, 2009; pg. 5; and “Can science save us? Changing the planet might help preserve it: Climate Change,” “Geo-engineering – altering the Earth’s systems – may soon be our only option,” by Fiona Harvey, US News & World Report, May 9–10, 2009; pg. 3

  105. 105.

    “Big Oil Keeps Blowing Smoke: The climate system is an ornery beast. Now we are punching the beast in the face,” by Joseph Romm, US News & World Report, April 2010; pg. 24

  106. 106.

    “The brewing tempest over wind power”; 3-2-10; pg. A23, Wall Street Journal; and “Turning to windmills, but resistance lingers – court ruling highlights odds against them” – by Abby Goodnough, Bourne, Mass., 9-13-09; pg. 21, New York Times

  107. 107.

    Wind Power Technology: Fundamental Concepts of Wind Turbine Engineering, 2nd edition by David A. Spera (editor), ASME Press, NY, 2009; pgs. 180–181

  108. 108.

    “The brewing tempest over wind power”; 3-2-10; pg. A23, Wall Street Journal

  109. 109.

    “Keeping Wildlife from Windmills,” March 2009; pg. 15, Mechanical Engineering, ASME Press

  110. 110.

    “Wind energy doesn’t require excessive land use” by Denise Bode, CEO American Wind Energy Association, Norwich, VA, 9-24-09; pg. A20, Wall Street Journal

  111. 111.

    Wind Power Technology: Fundamental Concepts of Wind Turbine Engineering, 2nd edition by David A. Spera (editor), ASME Press, NY, 2009; pgs. 191–194

  112. 112.

    “Mightiest Wind,” by Jeffrey Winters, May 2009; pgs. 27–31, ASME Mechanical Engineering Magazine

  113. 113.

    “Renewable Sea Power – Waves, tides and thermals – new research funding seeks to put them to work for us,” by Michael E. McCormick and R. Cengiz Ertekin,” ASME Mechanical Engineering Magazine

  114. 114.

    “Changing America’s Energy Ways,” by Kenneth T. Walsh, April 2009; pgs. 28–30, US News & World Report

  115. 115.

    According to a statement made in The Economist in 2013, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  116. 116.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  117. 117.

    The Indus Equation Report, Strategic Foresight Group, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  118. 118.

    http://stonybrook.digication.com/egimenez/Case_Study_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_China, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  119. 119.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  120. 120.

    http://stonybrook.digication.com/egimenez/Case_Study_Impact_of_Climate_Change_on_China, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  121. 121.

    http://www.oxfam.org.hk/en/climatepoverty.aspx cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  122. 122.

    “Why a 4 degree centigrade warmer world must be avoided,” November 2012 World Bank Report covered by http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/overview#1, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  123. 123.

    Effects of climate change and socio-economic development on the global distribution of malaria, by Andreas Be′guin et al., cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  124. 124.

    http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-QHBH200501002.htm

  125. 125.

    Gippner, Olivia (2014) Framing it right: China-EU relations and patterns of interaction on climate change, Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies, 2 (1). ISSN 2345–7481, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  126. 126.

    Coal power plants in China Map +oil use. Platts.com (1999-02-22). Retrieved on 22 September 2002, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  127. 127.

    “China now no. 1 in CO2 emissions; USA in second position.” Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 19 June 2007, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  128. 128.

    Which nations are most responsible for climate change?, The Guardian, 21 April 2011, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  129. 129.

    Which nations are most responsible for climate change?, The Guardian, 21 April 2011, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  130. 130.

    BBC News, 21 September 2014, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  131. 131.

    23 September 2014, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  132. 132.

    The east is grey, The Economist, 10 August 2013, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  133. 133.

    name=Sverigetab49>Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency[who?], Table 52: Global supply of coal 1990–2009 (TWh), cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  134. 134.

    David Biello, Stratospheric Pollution Helps Slow Global Warming, 22 July 2011, Scientific American, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stratospheric-pollution-helps-slow-global-warming, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  135. 135.

    IPCC Working group III fourth assessment report, Summary for Policymakers 2007[dead link], cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  136. 136.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  137. 137.

    Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, November 15, 2009, cited in http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  138. 138.

    http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  139. 139.

    http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  140. 140.

    https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_climate_change_2007_the_ar4_synthesis_report_chinese.htm

  141. 141.

    http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  142. 142.

    Piao Shilong of the Center of Climate Research at Peking University wrote in a study published in Nature in August 2010, cited in http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  143. 143.

    http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  144. 144.

    A report issued in November 2010 by the environmental group WWF, cited in http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  145. 145.

    http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  146. 146.

    http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  147. 147.

    Fatih Birol, the chief economist of the International Energy Agency in Paris, told Keith Bradsher, New York Times, July 4, 2010, cited by http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  148. 148.

    Ibid.

  149. 149.

    Ibid.

  150. 150.

    http://unfccc.int/meetings/bali_dec_2007/meeting/6319.php

  151. 151.

    http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  152. 152.

    http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  153. 153.

    John M. Broder, New York Times, December 7, 2011, cited in http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  154. 154.

    https://www.c-span.org/video/?402085-1/us-special-envoy-climate-change-todd-stern-paris-agreement, cited in http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  155. 155.

    http://www.euractiv.com/section/future-eu/interview/jo-leinen-crisis-could-be-chance-for-european-project/, cited in http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  156. 156.

    http://www.c2es.org/about/staff/ediringer cited in http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item393.html

  157. 157.

    “The 10 Most Polluted Cities in the World | iamgreen™.” Sayiamgreen.com. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2013; “The Most Polluted Places On Earth”. CBS News. Retrieved 8 September 2013; “Air Pollution Grows in Tandem with China’s Economy”. NPR. Retrieved 8 September 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  158. 158.

    “The 10 Most Polluted Cities in the World | iamgreen™.” Sayiamgreen.com. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2013

  159. 159.

    China Weighs Environmental Costs; Beijing Tries to Emphasize Cleaner Industry Over Unbridled Growth After Signs Mount of Damage Done, 23 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  160. 160.

    Keith Bradsher (4 July 2012). “Bolder Protests Against Pollution Win Project’s Defeat in China.” The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2012; and “Environmental Protests Expose Weakness in China’s Leadership.” Forbes Asia. 22 June 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  161. 161.

    John Upton (8 March 2013). “Pollution spurs more Chinese protests than any other issue.” Grist.org. Grist Magazine, Inc. Retrieved 28 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  162. 162.

    Melanie Hart; Jeffrey Cavanagh (20 April 2012). “Environmental Standards Give the United States an Edge Over China.” Center for American Progress. Center for American Progress. Retrieved 28 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  163. 163.

    Ma Jun (31 January 2007). “How participation can help China’s ailing environment.” ChinaDialogue. ChinaDialogue. Retrieved 28 July 2013; and “Environmental Activists Detained in Hangzhou.” Human Rights in China. Human Rights in China. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  164. 164.

    Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley (26 August 2007). “As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes.” The New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2016, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  165. 165.

    Ibid.

  166. 166.

    http://www.voanews.com/content/china-revises-environmental-law-to-address-pollution-problems/1900981.html, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  167. 167.

    Water Demands of Coal-Fired Power Drying Up Northern China, 25 March 2013, Scientific American; On China’s Electricity Grid, East Needs West – for Coal, 21 March 2013, BusinessWeek; and Chinese Utilities Face $20 Billion Costs Due to Water, BNEF Says, 24 March 2013, BusinessWeek, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  168. 168.

    China says more than half of its groundwater is polluted, The Guardian 23 April 2014, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  169. 169.

    China’s forest coverage exceeds target ahead of schedule “and Liu, Jianguo, and Jordan Nelson. “China’s environment in a globalizing world”, Nature, Vol. 434, pgs. 1179–1186, 30 June 2005. Retrieved 2 April 2008, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  170. 170.

    “International Effort To Save Forests Should Target 15 Countries,” United Nations Environment Programme, 20 August 2001. Retrieved 2 April 2008, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  171. 171.

    China’s Threatened Forest Regions.” Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 8 September 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  172. 172.

    Protection of forests and control of desertification.” Retrieved 2 April 2008, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  173. 173.

    Li, Zhiyong. “A policy review on watershed protection and poverty alleviation by the Grain for Green Programme in China.” Retrieved 2 April 2008, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  174. 174.

    UNDP/GEF (2007). The Yellow Sea: Analysis of Environmental Status and Trends; pg. 408, Ansan, Republic of Korea, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  175. 175.

    Murray N.J., Clemens R.S., Phinn S.R., Possingham H.P. & Fuller R. A. (2014) Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, 267–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1890/130260; and MacKinnon, J.; Verkuil, Y.I.; Murray, N.J. (2012), IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea), Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, pg. 70, ISBN 9782831712550, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  176. 176.

    HAN, Jun “EFFECTS OF INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT ON LAND DEGRADATION CONTROL AND POVERTY REDUCTION.” Workshop on Environment, Resources and Agricultural Policies in China, 19 June 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2008, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  177. 177.

    Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Penguin Books, 2005 and 2011 (ISBN 9780241958681). See chapter 12 entitled “China, Lurching Giant” (pgs. 258–377), cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China.

  178. 178.

    Ratliff, Evan (April 2003). “The Green Wall of China,” Wired Magazine, cited in

  179. 179.

    Economy, Elizabeth (17 July 2015). “The Environmental Problem China Can No Longer Overlook.” The Diplomat. Retrieved 2 November 2015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  180. 180.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  181. 181.

    Edward Wong (29 March 2013). “Cost of Environmental Damage in China Growing Rapidly Amid Industrialization.” The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  182. 182.

    2 Major Air Pollutants Increase in Beijing.” The New York Times. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  183. 183.

    John Upton (25 July 2013). “China to spend big to clean up its air.” Grist.org. Grist Magazine, Inc. Retrieved 27 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  184. 184.

    Bloomberg News (14 January 2013). “Beijing Orders Official Cars Off Roads to Curb Pollution.” Bloomberg. Retrieved 27 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  185. 185.

    China’s largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green,” The Guardian, cited in

  186. 186.

    Liu, D. et al. (2009), “World’s largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China,” Marine Pollution, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  187. 187.

    Xinhua News, “Car ownership tops 154 million in China in 2014,” 27 January 2015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  188. 188.

    Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley (26 August 2007). “As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes.” The New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2016, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  189. 189.

    ChinaFAQs: China’s Energy Conservation Accomplishments of the 11th Five Year Plan, ChinaFAQs on 25 July 2011, http://www.chinafaqs.org/library/chinafaqs/chinas-energy-conservation-accomplishments-11th-five-year-plan

  190. 190.

    Tobias, Michael Charles (2 November 2012). “Animal Rights In China.” Forbes. Retrieved 15 July 2014, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China

  191. 191.

    Yee, Amy (28 January 2013). “Market for Bear Bile Threatens Asian Population.” New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2014; “Jackie Chan PSA on Bear Bile Farming.” World Animal Protection US. Retrieved 15 July 2014; and “Animal Rights In China Get Boost From Celebrity Activists And Shifting Attitudes.” Huffington Post. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2014, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  192. 192.

    Loo, Daryl (16 February 2012). “Chinese Celebrities Oppose IPO for Operator of Bear-Bile Farm.” Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 16 July 2014, cited in

  193. 193.

    Tobias, Michael Charles (2 November 2012). “Animal Rights in China.” Forbes. Retrieved 15 July 2014; Robinson, Jill (7 April 2014). “China’s Rapidly Growing Animal Welfare Movement.” Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 July 2014; and Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (6 March 2013). “Amid Suffering, Animal Welfare Legislation Still Far Off in China.” New York Times Blogs. Retrieved 15 July 2014, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  194. 194.

    A small voice calling.” The Economist. 28 February 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2014, cited in

  195. 195.

    Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (6 March 2013). “Amid Suffering, Animal Welfare Legislation Still Far Off in China.” New York Times Blogs. Retrieved 15 July 2014, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  196. 196.

    “Chinese protesters clash with police over power plant.” The Guardian. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  197. 197.

    “China jails anti-pollution protesters after riot,” The Age. Reuters. 7 February 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  198. 198.

    Edward Wong (March 29, 2013). “Cost of Environmental Damage in China Growing Rapidly Amid Industrialization.” The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  199. 199.

    “2 Major Air Pollutants Increase in Beijing.” The New York Times. April 3, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  200. 200.

    Bloomberg News (14 January 2013). “Beijing Orders Official Cars Off Roads to Curb Pollution,” Bloomberg. Retrieved 27 July 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  201. 201.

    Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Penguin Books, 2005 and 2011, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China

  202. 202.

    Andrews-Speed, Philip (November 2014). “China’s Energy Policymaking Processes and Their Consequences,” The National Bureau of Asian Research Energy Security Report. Retrieved 5 December 2014, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  203. 203.

    Climate Ark: China outlines plans for domestic carbon trading, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  204. 204.

    businessgreen.com: China outlines plans for domestic carbon trading, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  205. 205.

    Bradsher, Keith (4 July 2010). “China Fears Warming Effects of Consumer Wants,” The New York Times, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  206. 206.

    China Leads Major Countries with $34.6 Billion Invested in Clean Technology, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  207. 207.

    Bradsher, Keith, 30 January 2010, China leads global race to make clean energy, New York Times, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  208. 208.

    JAMES FALLOWS, Dirty Coal, Clean Future, DECEMBER 2010 ATLANTIC MAGAZINE, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/12/dirty-coal-clean-future/8307/1/; China’s coal reserves ‘will make it new Middle East’, says energy chief, Leo Hickman, Tuesday 8 March 2011, The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/mar/08/china-coal-new-middle-east and KEITH BRADSHER, China Outpaces U.S. in Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants, 10 May 2009, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/world/asia/11coal.html, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  209. 209.

    Nuclear Power in China, Updated March 2012, World Nuclear Association, http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  210. 210.

    ChinaFAQs: China’s Energy and Carbon Emissions Outlook to 2050, ChinaFAQs on 12 May 2011, “Archived copy.” Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-17, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China

  211. 211.

    http://www.skepticalscience.com/china-leading-role-solutions.html

  212. 212.

    http://www.skepticalscience.com/china-leading-role-solutions.html

  213. 213.

    http://www.skepticalscience.com/china-leading-role-solutions.html

  214. 214.

    http://www.skepticalscience.com/china-leading-role-solutions.html

  215. 215.

    https://prezi.com/mnaanog8qinr/global-warming-pacific-islands/

  216. 216.

    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/rcsd/pacific

  217. 217.

    Guinotte, J.M., Buddemeier, R.W., Kleypas, J.A., October 2003. Future Coral Reef Habitat Marginality: Temporal and Spatial Effects of Climate Change in the Pacific Basin. Coral Reefs (2003) 22: 551–558, cited in https://www.fws.gov/pacific/Climatechange/changepi.html

  218. 218.

    Smith, Ellen, and Baker, Jason. Pacific Island Ecosystem Complex, from Osgood, K. E. (editor). August 2008. Climate Impacts on U.S. Living Marine Resources: National Marine Fisheries Service Concerns, Activities and Needs, U.S. Dep. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-89, pg. 118, cited in https://www.fws.gov/pacific/Climatechange/changepi.html

  219. 219.

    United Global Change Research Program. May 2009. http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts/regional-climate-change-impacts/islands, cited in https://www.fws.gov/pacific/Climatechange/changepi.html

  220. 220.

    Ibid.

  221. 221.

    Fletcher, Charles (2009). How high is sea level likely to rise by the end of the 21st century? A Review of Research. In press at Shore and Beach, cited in https://www.fws.gov/pacific/Climatechange/changepi.html

  222. 222.

    Smith and Baker (2008), op. cit., and Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program, Subcommittee on Ocean Acidification. December 2, 2008. Ocean Acidification- Recommended Strategy for a U.S. National Research Program. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program, 2008, cited in https://www.fws.gov/pacific/Climatechange/changepi.html

  223. 223.

    IPCC, 2007, cited in https://www.fws.gov/pacific/Climatechange/changepi.html

  224. 224.

    Ibid.

  225. 225.

    Diaz, Henry F., Pao-Shin Chu, and Jon K. Eischeid (2005). Rainfall changes in Hawai’i during the last century. 16th Conference on Climate Variability and Change, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA; and Chu, P. S. and H. Chen. 2005. Interannual and interdecadal rainfall variations in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Climate. Vol.18:4796–4813, cited in https://www.fws.gov/pacific/Climatechange/changepi.html

  226. 226.

    Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts Report for the 2012 Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment (PIRCA), reported in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  227. 227.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  228. 228.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  229. 229.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  230. 230.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  231. 231.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  232. 232.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  233. 233.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  234. 234.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  235. 235.

    Izuka, S. K. (2011). Potential effects of roadside dry wells on groundwater quality on the island of Hawaii: Assessment using numerical groundwater models (US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report No. 2011–5072). Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5072/, cited in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf.

  236. 236.

    Giambelluca, T. W., Chen, Q., Frazier, A. G., Price, J. P., Chen, Y.-L., Chu, P.-S., Eischeid, J., et al. (2011). The rainfall atlas of Hawai‘i. Retrieved from http://rainfall.geography.hawaii.edu, cited in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf.

  237. 237.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  238. 238.

    Courtesy of Jonathan L. Scheuer, cited in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf.

  239. 239.

    ©2010 Rosa Sey, “One of the Kuki‘o anchialine ponds,” used under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license, cited in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf.

  240. 240.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  241. 241.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  242. 242.

    Frederiksen, M.; Harris, M. P.; Daunt, F.; Rothery, P.; & Wanless, S. (2004). Scale-dependent climate signals drive breeding phenology of three seabird species. Global Change Biology, 10(7), 1214–1221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00794.x, cited in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  243. 243.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  244. 244.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  245. 245.

    IPCC (2001). Climate change 2001: Synthesis report. A contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (R. T. Watson and the Core Writing Team (eds.). Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; and IPCC (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. A contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. M. B. Tignor, et al. (eds.)) Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/ publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg1_report_the_physical_ science_basis.htm Irving, cited in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  246. 246.

    From Burke et al., 2011, op. cit.

  247. 247.

    Field, C. D. (1995). Impact of expected climate change on mangroves. Hydrobiologia, 295(1–3), 75–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029113

  248. 248.

    Denslow, J. S. (2003). Weeds in paradise: Thoughts on the invasibility of tropical islands. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 90(1), 119–127. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3298531

  249. 249.

    Price, J.; Giambelluca, T. W.; Jacobi, J.; Elison Timm, O.; Diaz, H. F.; & Mehrhoff, L. (2009). Modeling Hawaiian plant species ranges relative to global climate change. Poster presented at the Hawaii Conservation Conference, Honolulu, HI, cited in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf.

  250. 250.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  251. 251.

    Benning, T. L.; LaPointe, D.; Atkinson, C. T.; & Vitousek, P. M. (2002). Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: Modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(22), 14,246–14,249. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162372399, cited in http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf.

  252. 252.

    http://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/NCA-PIRCA-FINAL-int-print-1.13-web.form_.pdf

  253. 253.

    Ibid.

  254. 254.

    http://tcktcktck.org/2013/05/vulnerable-pacific-island-nations-look-for-climate-change-solutions/Tierney Smith • May 13, 2013

  255. 255.

    http://tcktcktck.org/2013/05/vulnerable-pacific-island-nations-look-for-climate-change-solutions/

  256. 256.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_Australia

  257. 257.

    Scientists Trace Extreme Heat in Australia to Climate Change 29 September 2014 NYT, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  258. 258.

    Lean, Geoffrey; Marks, Kathy (1 February 2009). “Parched: Australia faces collapse as climate change kicks in.” The Independent. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  259. 259.

    “Big fall in electricity sector emissions since carbon tax.” Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 31 March 2014, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  260. 260.

    http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-13/what-will-the-paris-climate-deal-mean-for-australia/7024476, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  261. 261.

    Marshall, Peter (12 February 2009). “Face global warming or lives will be at risk.” Melbourne: The Age Newspaper. Retrieved 13 February 2009; Walsh, Bryan (9 February 2009). “Why Global Warming May Be Fueling Australia’s Fires.” Time. Retrieved 12 February 2009; Oppenheimer, M. (1998) Global warming and the stability the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature 393, 325–332; and Hilbert, D.W.; Bradford, M.; Parker, T.; and Westcott, D.A. (2004) Golden bowerbird (Prionodura newtonia) habitat in past, present and future climates: predicted extinction of a vertebrate in tropical highlands due to global warming. Biological Conservation, 116, 367, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_Australia

  262. 262.

    “Environment & Heritage Climate Change.” Office of Environment and Heritage. New South Wales Government. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  263. 263.

    “Understanding Climate Change.” Department of Sustainability and Environment. State Government of Victoria. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  264. 264.

    “Office of Climate Change.” Queensland Government. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  265. 265.

    “What is climate change?.” Government of South Australia. 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2011, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  266. 266.

    http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/our-environment/climate-change/index.html Climate Change (WA) Retrieved 27-01-2009, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  267. 267.

    http://www.climatechange.tas.gov.au/ (Tas) Retrieved 27-01-2009, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  268. 268.

    http://www.nt.gov.au/dcm/legislation/climatechange/ Climate Change (NT) Retrieved 27-01-2009, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  269. 269.

    “Climate Change.” Department of the Environment, Climate Change, Energy and Water. Australian Capital Territory Government. 3 September 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  270. 270.

    Which nations are really responsible for climate change – interactive map, The Guardian, 8 December 2011 (All goods and services consumed, source: Peters et al., PNAS, 2011), cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  271. 271.

    CSIRO (2006). Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  272. 272.

    In November 2010, Ross Garnaut, an independent expert advisor to the Multi-Party Climate Change Committee, was commissioned by the Australian Government to provide an independent update to his 2008 Climate Change Review, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  273. 273.

    Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change, Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics, 2006, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  274. 274.

    CSIRO (2006). Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  275. 275.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  276. 276.

    The Critical Decade: Extreme Weather Climate Commission Australia; and Climate change making extreme events worse in Australia – report The Guardian 2.4.2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  277. 277.

    DCC (2009), Climate Change Risks to Australia’s coasts, Canberra, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  278. 278.

    Herald Sun, “Victoria’s Stormy Forecast,” Oct. 28, 2009, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  279. 279.

    “Inquiry Into Australia’s Response To Global Warming: Government Members Report.” Parliament of Australia. Commonwealth of Australia. 28 April 2003. Retrieved 19 February 2010, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  280. 280.

    McLennan, W (2000). 2000 Year Book Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. pg. 506. ISSN 0312-4746. Retrieved 13 July 2011, cited in. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  281. 281.

    Mike Roarty (13 September 2002). “The Kyoto Protocol – Issues and Developments Through to Conference of the Parties (COP7)”. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 13 July 2011, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  282. 282.

    “The Heat Is On: Australia’s Greenhouse Future.” Senate Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts References Committee. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 19 February 2010, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  283. 283.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  284. 284.

    “Interview Prime Minister of Australia.” Prime Minister of Australia’s website. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Canberra, Australia. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  285. 285.

    http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-13/what-will-the-paris-climate-deal-mean-for-australia/7024476, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia

  286. 286.

    List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita , cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  287. 287.

    Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change discusses in 700 pages “Effect of global warming on the world economy” “ on 30 October 2006 for Government of the United Kingdom by economist Nicholas Stern, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  288. 288.

    “Energy and power – Australia – area.” Retrieved 26 July 2015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  289. 289.

    “Countries Compared by Energy > Uranium > Production. International Statistics at NationMaster.com.” Retrieved 26 July 2015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  290. 290.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  291. 291.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  292. 292.

    Robyn Ironside, Anna Caldwell, and Brian Williams (13 March 2009). “Pacific Adventurer oil spill a disaster says Anna Bligh,” The Courier Mail, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  293. 293.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  294. 294.

    A history of sea dumping off Australia and its territories, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  295. 295.

    “US carrier exempt from dumping law.” Sunshine Coast Daily. Sunshine Coast Newspaper Company. 1 February 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2012, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  296. 296.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landcare_movement_in_Australia

  297. 297.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  298. 298.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  299. 299.

    “Sydney needs a future plan to be sustainable: mayor.” Reuters. 6 June 2007, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  300. 300.

    Plan now for the future of South-East Queensland – January 2005. Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland. Retrieved on 22 March 2012, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  301. 301.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  302. 302.

    Rachel Kleinman (3 May 2006). “Lib planning policy under attack as groups support 2030.” The Age. The Age Company. Retrieved 22 March 2012, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  303. 303.

    Albury–Wodonga is a settlement incorporating the twin Australian cities of Albury and Wodonga, separated by the Murray River and politically by a state borders: Albury on the north of the river is part of New South Wales, while Wodonga on the south bank is in Victoria, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albury%E2%80%93Wodonga.

  304. 304.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  305. 305.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  306. 306.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia

  307. 307.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  308. 308.

    Cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  309. 309.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  310. 310.

    Cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  311. 311.

    http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/AR4/website/11.pdf cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  312. 312.

    Cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  313. 313.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  314. 314.

    Cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  315. 315.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/australia-new-zealand.html

  316. 316.

    http://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp/advertising/sponsors/climate-change/

  317. 317.

    The latest global warming projection by using the Earth Simulator has been completed, Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan

  318. 318.

    “EU JAPAN relations in the field of environment.” European Commission. Retrieved 2008-10-03, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan

  319. 319.

    Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies, Union of Concerned Scientists, 10/15/07, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan

  320. 320.

    World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Archived January 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan

  321. 321.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan

  322. 322.

    “Gist of the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan.” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan

  323. 323.

    SBS World Guide 8th Edition (2000) ISBN 1876719303, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Japan

  324. 324.

    http://www.energyrichjapan.info/pdf/ERJ_chap1_abstract.pdf

  325. 325.

    http://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp/advertising/sponsors/climate-change/

  326. 326.

    www.fixtheclimate.com cited in http://globe-net.com/japan-showing-right-way-tackle-global-warming/

  327. 327.

    http://globe-net.com/japan-showing-right-way-tackle-global-warming/

  328. 328.

    This was published in Britain’s The Times newspaper today: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/article3924584.ece, cited in http://globe-net.com/japan-showing-right-way-tackle-global-warming/

  329. 329.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  330. 330.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamata_disease

  331. 331.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  332. 332.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Japan), cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  333. 333.

    OECD asks how green is Japan?, Japan Times, June 2, 2001, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  334. 334.

    Environmental Performance Review of Japan, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  335. 335.

    Annual Report on the Environment in Japan 2006, Ministry of the Environment, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  336. 336.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  337. 337.

    http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2010/02/28/environment/is-the-atsugi-tragedy-finally-drawing-to-a-close/, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  338. 338.

    Lindsay, James M. “Global warming heats up: uncertainties, both scientific and political, lie ahead.” Brookings Review 19.4 (Fall 2001): 26(4). Gale. University of Washington. 9 Feb. 2009, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  339. 339.

    Makino, Catherine. “Climate Change – Japan: Looking to Play a Key Role in Bali.” IPS News. 3 Dec. 2007. 20 Oct. 2008, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  340. 340.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  341. 341.

    http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/08/japan-nuclear-debate-idUSL3E7F70K320110408; and Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues and the IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  342. 342.

    http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/japan-pm-naoto-kan-vows-nuclear-free-future/story-fn3dxity-1226109855727 cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  343. 343.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  344. 344.

    World review of fisheries and aquaculture, Food and Agriculture Organization, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  345. 345.

    “Unprecedented Summit in Japan Aims to Tackle Overfishing of Dwindling Tuna Stock.” Associated Press. 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2008-01-14, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  346. 346.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  347. 347.

    Lost Japan: ISBN 0-86442-370-5; Dogs & Demons: ISBN 0-14-101000-2, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  348. 348.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan

  349. 349.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  350. 350.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  351. 351.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  352. 352.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  353. 353.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  354. 354.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  355. 355.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  356. 356.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  357. 357.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  358. 358.

    http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  359. 359.

    Reference: Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Japan’s Efforts to Resolve Global Environmental Problems, cited in http://g8-summit.town.toyako.hokkaido.jp/eng/summit/eco/torikumi/

  360. 360.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/projected-change-in-annual-mean

  361. 361.

    UNFCCC (2010), The Cancun Agreements, accessed 21 October 2013; http://cancun.unfccc.int/

  362. 362.

    IPCC (2013), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., et al. (eds.)., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA

  363. 363.

    EEA (2012), Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012. An indicator-based report, EEA Report No 12/2012, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark

  364. 364.

    IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA

  365. 365.

    Ciscar J. C., Feyen L., Soria A., Lavalle C., Raes F., Perry M., Nemry F., Demirel H., Rozsai M., Dosio A., Donatelli M., Srivastava A., Fumagalli D., Niemeyer S., Shrestha S., Ciaian P., Himics M., Van Doorslaer B., Barrios S., Ibáñez N., Forzieri G., Rojas R., Bianchi A., Dowling P., Camia A., Libertà G., San Miguel J., de Rigo D., Caudullo G., Barredo J.-I., Paci D., Pycroft J., Saveyn B., Van Regemorter D., Revesz T., Vandyck T., Vrontisi Z., Baranzelli C., Vandecasteele I., Batista e Silva F., and Ibarreta D. (2014). Climate Impacts in Europe. Results from the JRC PESETA II Project. JRC Scientific and Political Reports, EUR 26586EN, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation#note10

  366. 366.

    Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003 Stott, Stone & Allen, Nature 432, 610–614 (2 December 2004), cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  367. 367.

    Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012 EEA 2012, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  368. 368.

    Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012 EEA 2012, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  369. 369.

    Why a 4 degree centigrade warmer world must be avoided November 2012 World Bank, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe.

  370. 370.

    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/flash/page/0,,2079347,00.html, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  371. 371.

    European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D): The daily European land temperature (degrees C) provided by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), cited in https://www.c2es.org/docUploads/eu-fact-sheet-12-05-09.pdf

  372. 372.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-3/assessment

  373. 373.

    UNFCCC, 2009,Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009, UNFCCC, Copenhagen, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-3/assessment

  374. 374.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-3/assessment

  375. 375.

    EURO-CORDEX data provided by EURO-CORDEX initiative cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-3/assessment

  376. 376.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-3/assessment

  377. 377.

    Number of heat waves provided by Joint Research Centre (JRC), cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-3/assessment

  378. 378.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-level-rise-2/assessment

  379. 379.

    http://asr.science.energy.gov/publications/program-docs/RCP4.5-Pathway.pdf

  380. 380.

    CMIP5 coupled model inter-comparison project, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-level-rise-2/assessment

  381. 381.

    AR5 Sea Level Rise projections provided by ICDC (University of Hamburg) http://icdc.cen.uni-hamburg.de/1.html, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-level-rise-2/assessment

  382. 382.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-level-rise-2/assessment

  383. 383.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-level-rise-2/assessment

  384. 384.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse

  385. 385.

    https://www.c2es.org/docUploads/eu-fact-sheet-12-05-09.pdf

  386. 386.

    1 hectare = 2.47105 acres.

  387. 387.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-2/assessment

  388. 388.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-2/assessment

  389. 389.

    http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=501, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-2/assessment

  390. 390.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-2/assessment

  391. 391.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-2/assessment

  392. 392.

    EU refers only to EU-27 which includes the EU-15 such as Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom plus the 12 newer countries such as Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Malta and Cyprus, cited in https://www.c2es.org/docUploads/eu-fact-sheet-12-05-09.pdf

  393. 393.

    Data from IEA, 2007. “CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 1971–2005” include “World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights,” and USEPA, 2006. “Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020.” All emission figures are for total greenhouse gas emissions as estimated by the International Energy Agency (CO2 from fossil fuels), the US EPA (other greenhouse gases), and the World Energy outlook (projections), except for GHG emissions by sector which is from the European Environment Agency, cited in https://www.c2es.org/docUploads/eu-fact-sheet-12-05-09.pdf

  394. 394.

    As of European Environment Agency, 2009. “Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2009,” available at http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2009_9, cited in https://www.c2es.org/docUploads/eu-fact-sheet-12-05-09.pdf

  395. 395.

    https://www.c2es.org/docUploads/eu-fact-sheet-12-05-09.pdf

  396. 396.

    https://www.c2es.org/docUploads/eu-fact-sheet-12-05-09.pdf

  397. 397.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  398. 398.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/europe.html

  399. 399.

    European Commission. The EU Climate and Energy Package. Online at http://ec.europa.eu/ clima/ policies/ package/ index_en.htm

  400. 400.

    European Commission. A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050. Online at http://ec.europa.eu/ clima/ documentation/ roadmap/ docs/ com_2011_112_en.pdf

  401. 401.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/europe.htm

  402. 402.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/europe.html

  403. 403.

    European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, EU Energy in Figures 2010. Online at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/statistics/ext_renewables_gross_electricity_generation.pdf

  404. 404.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/europe.htm

  405. 405.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  406. 406.

    EEA (2012), Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012. An indicator-based report, EEA Report No 12/2012, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, and IPCC (2013), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., et al. (eds.)., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  407. 407.

    EC (2013), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Region – An EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change, COM(2013) 216 final, Brussels, 16.4.2013, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  408. 408.

    EC (2014), Europe 2020 – Europe’s growth strategy, accessed 4 March 2014, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  409. 409.

    EC (2011), “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe. COM(2011) 571 final,” cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  410. 410.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  411. 411.

    EC (2013), Mainstreaming adaptation, accessed 4 March 2014; and EEA (2014), National adaptation policy processes across European countries – 2014, EEA Report No 4/2014, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  412. 412.

    EC (2013), Adaptation Strategies for European Cities, accessed 4 March 2014; and EEA (2012), Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe, EEA Report No 2/2012, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  413. 413.

    EC (2013), Financing Adaptation, accessed 4 March 2014; and EEA (2014), National adaptation policy processes across European countries – 2014, EEA Report No 4/2014, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, cited in http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  414. 414.

    http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation

  415. 415.

    Stern, N. (2006). “Summary of Conclusions.” Executive summary (short) (PDF). Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change (pre-publication edition). HM Treasury. Retrieved 2011-04-28, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  416. 416.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  417. 417.

    Sir Nicholas Stern: Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change, Executive Summary, 10/2006. Archived September 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.

  418. 418.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  419. 419.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe

  420. 420.

    http://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/solution-to-global-warming-will-be-found-in-new-technologies-1.2150050

  421. 421.

    John Fitzgerald Tue, Mar. 24, 2015, in http://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/solution-to-global-warming-will-be-found-in-new-technologies-1.2150050

  422. 422.

    http://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/solution-to-global-warming-will-be-found-in-new-technologies-1.2150050

  423. 423.

    ESRI Medium Term Review 2008–2015, page 118 http://iti.ms/1CsYvyF, cited in http://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/solution-to-global-warming-will-be-found-in-new-technologies-1.2150050

  424. 424.

    https://ccafs.cgiar.org/research-highlight/look-how-changing-climate-will-hit-south-and-central-america#.WCx26j8zU1h

  425. 425.

    https://ccafs.cgiar.org/research-highlight/look-how-changing-climate-will-hit-south-and-central-america#.WCx26j8zU1h

  426. 426.

    https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/41912/Climate%20change%20in%20CA%20and%20SA%20final_.pdf?sequence=2, cited in https://ccafs.cgiar.org/research-highlight/look-how-changing-climate-will-hit-south-and-central-america#.WCx26j8zU1h

  427. 427.

    https://ccafs.cgiar.org/research-highlight/look-how-changing-climate-will-hit-south-and-central-america#.WCx26j8zU1h

  428. 428.

    https://ccafs.cgiar.org/research-highlight/look-how-changing-climate-will-hit-south-and-central-america#.WCx26j8zU1h

  429. 429.

    https://ccafs.cgiar.org/bigfacts/#region=Latin-America, cited in https://ccafs.cgiar.org/research-highlight/look-how-changing-climate-will-hit-south-and-central-america#.WGr52T8zXDe

  430. 430.

    “Climate change in Central and South America: Recent trends, future projections, and impacts on regional agriculture,” Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Working Paper no. 73 by Cecilia Schubert, cited in https://ccafs.cgiar.org/research-highlight/look-how-changing-climate-will-hit-south-and-central-america#.WCx26j8zU1h

  431. 431.

    https://www.worldwildlife.org/climatico/climate-change-impacts-in-latin-america

  432. 432.

    Cited in https://www.worldwildlife.org/climatico/climate-change-impacts-in-latin-america

  433. 433.

    Cited in https://www.worldwildlife.org/climatico/climate-change-impacts-in-latin-america

  434. 434.

    https://www.worldwildlife.org/climatico/climate-change-impacts-in-latin-america

  435. 435.

    https://www.worldwildlife.org/climatico/climate-change-impacts-in-latin-america

  436. 436.

    https://www.worldwildlife.org/climatico/climate-change-impacts-in-latin-america

  437. 437.

    https://www.worldwildlife.org/climatico/climate-change-impacts-in-latin-america

  438. 438.

    https://www.worldwildlife.org/climatico/climate-change-impacts-in-latin-america

  439. 439.

    Roberto Abdenur, Brazilian ambassador to the United States, and Sen. Richard G. Lugar (R-Ind.), Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, published an article “America and Brazil Intersect on Ethanol,” on May 6 in the Miami Herald and the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S. Paulo. May 15, 2006, by Richard Lugar and Roberto Abdenur. This commentary was released publicly by the Brazilian Embassy and published in RenewableEnergyWorld.com issue of May 15, 2006; see http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2006/05/america-and-brazil-intersect-on-ethanol-44896.html.

  440. 440.

    Ibid.

  441. 441.

    Ibid.

  442. 442.

    Cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/latin-america.html

  443. 443.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/latin-america.html

  444. 444.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/latin-america.html

  445. 445.

    http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-es.html

  446. 446.

    http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-es.html

  447. 447.

    http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/, cited in http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-es.html

  448. 448.

    http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-es.html

  449. 449.

    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378003000803, cited in http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-es.html

  450. 450.

    http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-es.html

  451. 451.

    http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-es.html

  452. 452.

    Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), Biringer et al. (2005), FAO (2004b), Laurance et al. (2001), Brown et al. (2000), and Nepstad et al. (2002), cited in http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-5.html

  453. 453.

    http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-5.html

  454. 454.

    Biringer et al., 2005, cited in http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-5.html

  455. 455.

    Nepstad et al., 2002, and Fearnside, 2003, cited in http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-5.html

  456. 456.

    Bruner et al., 2001, and Pimm et al., 2001, cited in http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-5.html

  457. 457.

    Morales et al., 2007, cited in http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13s13-5.html

  458. 458.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  459. 459.

    Ibid.

  460. 460.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  461. 461.

    Ibid.

  462. 462.

    Agoumi, A. (2003). “Vulnerability of North African Countries to Climatic Changes: Adaptation and Implementation. Strategies for Climate Change,” Climate Change Knowledge Network, 2003, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  463. 463.

    Scott, L. (2008). Climate variability and climate change: implications for chronic poverty, Chronic Poverty Research Centre Working Paper, N 108, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  464. 464.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  465. 465.

    CIA (2009), cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  466. 466.

    Giorgi, F. (2006). “Climate change hot-spots”; Geophysical Research Letters, 33: 707–715, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  467. 467.

    Elrafy, M. (2009). Impact of Climate Change: Vulnerability and Adaptation of Coastal Areas. Report of the Arab forum for Environment and Development. Mostafa K. Tolba and Najib W. Saab (eds.), cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  468. 468.

    Agoumi (2003), op. cit.

  469. 469.

    Touchan, R.; Kevin, J.; Anchukaitis, D.; Meko, M.; Sabir, M.; Said, A.; and Aloui, A. (2010). Spatiotemporal drought variability in northwestern Africa over the last nine centuries. Climate Dynamics, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0100804-4, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  470. 470.

    Adger, W. N. (1999). “Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastal Vietnam.” World Development, 27: 249–269, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  471. 471.

    Agrawala, S.; Moehner, A.; Hemp, A.; van Aalst, M.; Hitz, S.; Smith, J.; Meena, H.; Mwakifwamba, S.M.; Hyera, T.; and Mwaipopo, O.U. (2003). Development and climate change in Tanzania: focus on Mount Kilimanjaro. Environment Directorate and Development Co-operation Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 72 pp, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  472. 472.

    Elrafy (2009) op. cit.

  473. 473.

    P.N.U. 2008. Climate change and energy in the Mediterranean. Plan Bleu. Centre d’Activités Régionales. Sophia Antipolis. Juillet 2008, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  474. 474.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  475. 475.

    Magano, T., Hoshikawa, K., Donma, S., Kume, T., Onder, S., Ozekici, B, Kanber, R. and Watanabe, T. 2007. Assessing adaptive capacity of large irrigation districts towards climate change and social change with irrigation management performance model. In: N. Lamaddalena, C. Bogliotti, M. Todorovic, and A. Scardigno (eds.). Water Saving in Mediterranean Agriculture and Future Research Needs (Proc. of the International Conf. of WASAMED project, 14–17 February 2007, Valenzano, Italy). Option Mediterranean Series, CIHAM, B, 56 (1): 293–302, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  476. 476.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  477. 477.

    Abou-Hadid, A.F., 2009. Arab Environment. Climate Change. Impact of Climate change on Arab countries. Report of Arab Forum for Environment and Development. 2009. Mostafa K. Tolba and Najib W. Saab (eds.), cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  478. 478.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  479. 479.

    Abdulla, F.; Eshtawi, T.; & Assaf, H. (2009). Assessment of the impact of potential climate change on the water balance of a semi-arid watershed. Water Resour. Manage., 23: 2051–2068, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  480. 480.

    Ashton, P. J. (2002). “Avoiding conflicts over Africa’s water resources,” Ambio, 31: 236–239, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  481. 481.

    NIC (2009). (NIC 2009-05, August 2009). Geopolitical Implications. pg. 42, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  482. 482.

    Paeth, H.; Born, K.; Girmes, R.; Podzun, R.; and D. Jacob, D. (2009). “Regional Climate Change in Tropical and Northern Africa Due to Greenhouse Forcing and Land Use Changes.” Journal of Climat, 22(1): 114–32, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  483. 483.

    Giorgi, F. (2006). “Climate change hot-spots”; Geophysical Research Letters, 33: 707–715, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  484. 484.

    FAO (2008). Newsroom of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, “Agriculture in the Near East likely to suffer from climate change: The hungry and poor will be most affected – FAO meeting debates impact on the region,” (March 3, 2008), cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  485. 485.

    Abou-Hadid, A.F. (2009), op cit.

  486. 486.

    Boko et al. (2012). Boko, M., I. Niang, A. Nyong, C. Vogel, A. Githeko, M. Medany, B. Osman-Elasha, R. Tabo, and P. Yanda, 2012; IPCC, 2012: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C. B., V. Barros, T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, D. J. Dokken, K. L. Ebi, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S. K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pg. 582, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  487. 487.

    El-Shaer, M. H.; Rosenzweig, C.; Iglesias, A. H. M.; Eid, H.M.; and Hellil, D. 1997. “Impact of climate change on possible scenarios for Egyptian agriculture in the future.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 1: 233–250, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  488. 488.

    Assessment of impacts, adaptation and vulnerability to climate change in North Africa: food production and water resources. A Final Report Submitted to Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), Project No. AF 90 (Washington, D.C.: International START Secretariat, 2006); cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  489. 489.

    Ragab, R. and Christel Prudhomme, C. 2002. “Climate change and water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions: prospective and challenges for the twenty-first century.” Biosyst. Eng., 81: 3–34,cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  490. 490.

    Ringius, L., Downing, T.E., Hulme, M., Waughray, D., Selrod, R. 1996. “Climate Change in Africa – Issues and Challenges in Agriculture and Water for Sustainable Development,” ISSN: 0804-4562, Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo (CICERO) (Oslo: University of Oslo, November 1996); cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  491. 491.

    Hulme, M., Doherty, R., Ngara, T., New, M. and D. Lister, D. 2001. “African Climate Change: 1900–2100.” Climate Research, 17(2): 145–68, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  492. 492.

    Summary for Policymakers’, in M. L. Parry et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, University Press Cambridge, Cambridge and New York; cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  493. 493.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  494. 494.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  495. 495.

    Helmy, M.; El-Marsafawy, E.S.M.; and Ouda, S.A. (2007). “Assessing the Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in Egypt: A Ricardian Approach” Policy Research Working Paper (Development Research Group of the World

    Bank, July 2007)), cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  496. 496.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  497. 497.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  498. 498.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  499. 499.

    Stern, N. (2014). Growth, climate and collaboration: towards agreement in Paris 2015. Policy Paper between Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. Accessed 09 April 2015, http://www.lse. ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Growth_Climate_and_Collaboration_Stern_2014.pdf, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  500. 500.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  501. 501.

    Climate change impacts on North African countries and on some Tunisian economic sectors by LEILA RADHOUANE, National Tunisian Institute for Agriculture Research (INRAT), Ariana, Tunisia. E-mail: radhouane.leila@iresa.agrinet.tn. 2013, 14 January; http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  502. 502.

    IPCC (2007). “Summary for Policymakers,” in M. L. Parry et al. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, University Press Cambridge, Cambridge and New York, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  503. 503.

    (Ministère de l’environnement, 2001) Ministère De L’Environnement et de L’Amenagement du Territoir, 2001. (Ministry of Environment and Land Planning), “Communication Initiale De La Tunisie À La Convention Cadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques (Initial Communication of Tunisia to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change),” Republic of Tunisia, 2001, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tunnc1esum.pdf. http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  504. 504.

    El-Raey et al. (1999); El-Raey, M., Dewidar, K.R. & El-Hattab, M. 1999. Adaptation to the impacts of sea level rise in Egypt. Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Change, 4: 343–361, cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  505. 505.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  506. 506.

    El-Quosy (2009); El-Quosy, D. (2009). Impact of Climate Change: Vulnerability and Adaptation. Fresh Water pgs. 75–86 Report of the Arab forum for Environment and Development. Mostafa K. Tolba and Najib W. Saab (eds.), cited in http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  507. 507.

    http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/view/123

  508. 508.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  509. 509.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/africa.html

  510. 510.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/africa.html

  511. 511.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/africa.html

  512. 512.

    For actual notations, see http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/africa.html

  513. 513.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/africa.html

  514. 514.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/africa.html

  515. 515.

    https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/sectors/climate-change/

  516. 516.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/africa.html

  517. 517.

    See Fifth Assessment Report (AR5): Working Group II (2008–2014).

  518. 518.

    http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch12.html

  519. 519.

    http://www.climatenetwork.org/event/high-level-event-100-renewable-energy-15c-degrees

  520. 520.

    http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/en/partnerships/energy

  521. 521.

    http://sessa.org.za/

  522. 522.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  523. 523.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  524. 524.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  525. 525.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  526. 526.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  527. 527.

    Ibid.

  528. 528.

    IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K., and Meyer, L.A. (eds.). Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  529. 529.

    World Bank. (2013). Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience. A report for the World Bank by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics. Washington, DC: The World Bank 187. Knox, J., Hess, T., Daccache, A., and Wheeler, T. (2012). Climate change impacts on crop productivity in Africa and South Asia. Environmental Research Letters 7(3). Accessed on 07 April 2015, doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034032, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  530. 530.

    Knox, J.; Hess, T.; Daccache, A.; and Wheeler, T. (2012). Climate change impacts on crop productivity in Africa and South Asia. Environmental Research Letters 7(3). Accessed on 07 April 2015, doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034032, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  531. 531.

    IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K., and Meyer, L.A. (eds.). Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  532. 532.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  533. 533.

    Ibid.

  534. 534.

    Ibid.

  535. 535.

    IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  536. 536.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  537. 537.

    IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R. K. Pachauri and L. A. Meyer (eds.). Geneva: IPCCC, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  538. 538.

    Delgado, C.; Hino, M.; and Grist, N. (2015) (forthcoming), “Transforming Agriculture and Land Use in Africa,” New Climate Economy Background paper for the Africa Progress Report 2015, Overseas Development Institute and World Resources Institute, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  539. 539.

    Beilfuss, R. (2012). A risky climate for Southern Africa hydropower: Assessing risks and consequences for Zambezi. Berkeley: International Rivers Network, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  540. 540.

    IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, cited in in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  541. 541.

    In http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  542. 542.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  543. 543.

    IEA (2014). Africa Energy Outlook: A focus on energy prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Energy Outlook Special Report. Paris: International Energy Agency, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  544. 544.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  545. 545.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  546. 546.

    Drinkwater, K.F.; Beaugrand, G.; Kaeriyama, M.; and Kim, S. (2010). On the processes linking climate to ecosystem changes. Journal of Marine Systems, 79 (3–4) 374–388, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  547. 547.

    Cheung, W.; Lam, V.; Sarmiento, J.; Kearney, K. et al. (2010). Large-scale redistribution of maximum fisheries catch potential in the global ocean under climate change. Global Change Biology, 16(1), 24–35. Accessed on 07 April, 2015, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01995.x/abstract, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  548. 548.

    Skoufias, E.; Rabassa, M.; and Olivieri, S. (2011). The poverty impacts of climate change: A review of the evidence. Policy Research Working Paper 5622. Washington, DC: The World Bank, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  549. 549.

    IFAD (2011). Rural Poverty Report 2011: New realities, new challenges: New opportunities for tomorrow’s generation. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development Background paper for the Africa Progress Report 2015, Overseas Development Institute and World Resources Institute, cited http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  550. 550.

    UNDP (2007). Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. Human Development Report 2007/2008. New York: United Nations Development Program, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  551. 551.

    Beegle, Kathleen, Rajeev H. Dehejia, and Roberta Gatti (2006). Child Labor and Agricultural Shocks. Journal of Development Economics 81: 80–96, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  552. 552.

    Bastagli, F. (2014). Responding to a crisis: The design and delivery of social protection. ODI Working Paper. Accessed 09 April, 2015, http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8919.pdf Kuriakose, A.; Heltberg, R.; Wiseman, W.; Costella, C.; Cipryk, R.; and Cornelius, S. (2012). Climate Responsive Social Protection. Discussion Paper No. 1210. Washington: World Bank. Accessed 09 April 2015, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/430578-1331508552354/1210.pdf, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  553. 553.

    Africa Progress Panel (2014). Grain, Fish, Money: Financing Africa’s Green and Blue Revolutions. Africa Progress Report 2014. Geneva: Africa Progress Panel, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  554. 554.

    World Bank (2008). Agriculture for Development. World Development Report 2008. Washington DC: The World Bank, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  555. 555.

    Africa Progress Panel (2014). Grain, Fish, Money: Financing Africa’s Green and Blue Revolutions. Africa Progress Report 2014. Geneva: Africa Progress Panel, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  556. 556.

    IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.). Geneva: IPCCC, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  557. 557.

    Delgado, C.; Hino, M.; and Grist, N. (2015) (forthcoming), “Transforming Agriculture and Land Use in Africa,” New Climate Economy Background paper for the Africa Progress Report 2015, Overseas Development Institute and World Resources Institute, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  558. 558.

    Africa Progress Panel (2014). Grain, Fish, Money: Financing Africa’s Green and Blue Revolutions. Africa Progress Report 2014. Geneva: Africa Progress Panel, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  559. 559.

    Kuriakose, A.; Heltberg, R.; Wiseman, W.; Costella, C.; Cipryk, R.; and Cornelius, S. (2012). Climate Responsive Social Protection. Discussion Paper No. 1210. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Accessed 09 April 2015, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/ Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/430578-1331508552354/1210.pdf, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  560. 560.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  561. 561.

    Cartwright, A (2015) (forthcoming), “Better Growth, Better Climate, Better Cities: Rethinking and Redirecting Urbanization in Africa.” New Climate Economy Background paper for the Africa Progress Report 2015, African Centre for Cities Godfrey, N; Zhao, X (2015) (forthcoming), “The Contribution of African Cities to the Economy and Climate: Population, Economic Growth, and Carbon Emission Dynamics,” New Climate Economy Background paper for the Africa Progress Report 2015, New Climate Economy The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. (2014). Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report. Washington, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  562. 562.

    Scott, A. (2015) (forthcoming). Building electricity systems for growth, access and sustainability in Africa. New Climate Economy, Overseas Development Institute and Stockholm Environment Institute background paper for the Africa Progress Report 2015, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  563. 563.

    IRENA (2015). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2014. Bonn: International Renewable Energy Agency. Accessed 09 April, 2015, http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Power_Costs_2014_report.pdf; if this capacity were not present, CO2 emissions related to world energy would have been an estimated at 1.2 gigatons or higher in 2013 and would add about 12 percent to the 2020 projected emissions gap that needs to be closed to remain within an average global temperature increase of 2° Celsius. Cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  564. 564.

    IEA (2014). CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights. Paris: International Energy Agency. Accessed on 09 April 2015, https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CO2Emissions FromFuelCombustionHighlights2014.pdf, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  565. 565.

    Ibid.

  566. 566.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  567. 567.

    Ibid.

  568. 568.

    http://www.iea.org/publications/medium-termreports/

  569. 569.

    IEA (2014). Medium-Term Coal Market Report 2014: Market Analysis and Forecasts to 2019. Accessed on 08 April, 2015, http://www.iea.org/bookshop/495-Medium-Term_Coal_Market_Report_2014, cited in

  570. 570.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  571. 571.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  572. 572.

    Ibid.

  573. 573.

    Ibid.

  574. 574.

    McKinsey. (2015). Brighter Africa: The Growth Potential of the Sub-Saharan Electricity Sector. New York: McKinsey & Company. Accessed 08 April 2015, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/energy_resources_materials/powering_africa, cited in http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  575. 575.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  576. 576.

    Ibid.

  577. 577.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  578. 578.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  579. 579.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  580. 580.

    http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/2015-africa-progress-report/?gclid=CMWOkNWHq9ACFVE7gQodFbcLfA

  581. 581.

    https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/mar/22/global-warming-hit-asia-hardest

  582. 582.

    https://www.edf.org/climate/india-development-while-fighting-climate-change

  583. 583.

    http://m.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/05clim.htm

  584. 584.

    http://m.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/05clim.htm

  585. 585.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/kolkata-west-bengal-india.html

  586. 586.

    http://m.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/05clim.htm

  587. 587.

    http://m.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/05clim.htm

  588. 588.

    http://intpolicydigest.org/2016/08/22/climate-change-and-indian-agriculture

  589. 589.

    Union of Concerned Scientists, Global Warming, Climate Change in Asia, cited in http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming#.WBqY7T8zW7w

  590. 590.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  591. 591.

    IPCC, 2007: Summary for Policymakers. In: Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  592. 592.

    Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  593. 593.

    Harrabin, Roger (1 February 2007). “How climate change hits India’s poor”. BBC News. Retrieved 2007-03-10, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  594. 594.

    Khan, Sami (2012-01-25). “Effects of Climate Change on Thatta and Badin”. Envirocivil.com. Retrieved 2013-10-27, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  595. 595.

    Aggarwal D, Lal M. “Vulnerability of the Indian coastline to sea level rise” (PDF). SURVAS (Flood Hazard Research Centre). Middlesex University. Retrieved 2007–04-05; and Normile D (May 2000). “Some coral bouncing back from El Niño”. Science. 288 (5468): 941–942. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5468.941a. PMID 10841705. Retrieved 2007-04-05.; and “Early Warning Signs: Coral Reef Bleaching.” Union of Concerned Scientists. 2005. Retrieved 2007-04-05, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  596. 596.

    Bangladesh.” MERIC. 18 Oct 2008. 18 Oct. 2008; and http://www.ded.mo.gov/researchandplanning/indicators/international/ cty5380.stm cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  597. 597.

    Sethi, Nitin (3 February 2007). “Global warming: Mumbai to face the heat”. Times of India. Retrieved 2007-03-18, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  598. 598.

    “Climate change: The big emitters”. BBC News. 4 July 2005. Retrieved 18 October 2008, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hazesmoke_Gangeticbasin.jpg

  599. 599.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/asia.html

  600. 600.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/asia.html

  601. 601.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/asia.html

  602. 602.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/karnataka-india.html

  603. 603.

    http://m.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/05clim.htm, June 05, 2007

  604. 604.

    http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND, cited in https://www.edf.org/climate/india-development-while-fighting-climate-change

  605. 605.

    https://www.edf.org/climate/india-development-while-fighting-climate-change

  606. 606.

    http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v1/11v1_ch9.pdf

  607. 607.

    World News/22 Aug 2016 by Abhimanyu Shrivastava, cited in http://intpolicydigest.org/2016/08/22/climate-change-and-indian-agriculture/

  608. 608.

    World News/22 Aug 2016 by Abhimanyu Shrivastava, cited in http://intpolicydigest.org/2016/08/22/climate-change-and-indian-agriculture/

  609. 609.

    Air pollution in India (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India) and pollution in Pakistan (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan#Pollution)

  610. 610.

    Badarinath K. V., Chand T. R., Prasad V. K. (2006). “Agriculture crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains – A study using IRS-P6 AWiFS satellite data” (PDF). Current Science. 91 (8): 1085–1089. Retrieved 2007-04-16

  611. 611.

    Lau, WKM (February 20, 2005). “Aerosols may cause anomalies in the Indian monsoon” (php). The Climate and Radiation Branch at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. Retrieved 2007-04-17, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  612. 612.

    Mittal, Radhika (2012). “Climate Change Coverage in Indian Print Media: A Discourse Analysis.” The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses. 3 (2): 219–230, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  613. 613.

    Kharmujai R. R. (3 March 2007). “Wet Desert of India Drying Out.” Retrieved 2007-12-01, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  614. 614.

    World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest, The Guardian, 31 January 2011, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_South_Asia

  615. 615.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/karnataka-india.html

  616. 616.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/karnataka-india.html

  617. 617.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/karnataka-india.html

  618. 618.

    “Disputed Bay of Bengal island ‘vanishes’ say scientists.” 2010. BBC News. Online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8584665.stm. Accessed May 18, 2010, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/kolkata-west-bengal-india.html

  619. 619.

    Mohal, N., Z.H. Khan, and N. Rahman (2006). Impact of sea level rise on coastal rivers of Bangladesh. Coast, Port and Estuary Division, Institute of Water Modelling (IWM), Bangladesh. Online at: www.riversymposium.com/2006/index.php?element=06MOHALNasreen. Accessed May 17, 2010; and Colette, A. (2007). Chapter 2, world heritage marine biodiversity. In Case Studies on Climate change and World Heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Centre ISBN: 978-92-3-104125-9. Online at http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-473-1.pdf. Accessed May 18, 2010, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/kolkata-west-bengal-india.html

  620. 620.

    United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites: Sundarbans National Park, India, and the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Online at http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452 and http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798. Accessed May 18, 2010, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/kolkata-west-bengal-india.html

  621. 621.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/kolkata-west-bengal-india.html

  622. 622.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/kolkata-west-bengal-india.html

  623. 623.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/kolkata-west-bengal-india.html

  624. 624.

    http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL/countries, cited in https://www.edf.org/climate/india-development-while-fighting-climate-change

  625. 625.

    http://intpolicydigest.org/2016/08/22/climate-change-and-indian-agriculture/

  626. 626.

    http://intpolicydigest.org/2016/08/22/climate-change-and-indian-agriculture/

  627. 627.

    http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/age_structure_and_marital_status.aspx, cited in https://www.edf.org/climate/india-development-while-fighting-climate-change

  628. 628.

    https://www.edf.org/climate/india-development-while-fighting-climate-change

  629. 629.

    http://intpolicydigest.org/2016/08/22/climate-change-and-indian-agriculture/

  630. 630.

    http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v1/11v1_ch9.pdf

  631. 631.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

  632. 632.

    http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v1/11v1_ch9.pdf

  633. 633.

    http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mechanism/items/2718.php

  634. 634.

    http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v1/11v1_ch9.pdf

  635. 635.

    “World News/22 Aug 2016” by Abhimanyu Shrivastava, “Adaption_India: Development While Fighting Climate Change,” in http://intpolicydigest.org/2016/08/22/climate-change-and-indian-agriculture/

  636. 636.

    http://m.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/05clim.htm

  637. 637.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh

  638. 638.

    https://unfccc.int/2860.php

  639. 639.

    Sunny, Sanwar (2011). Green Buildings, Clean Transport and the Low Carbon Economy: Towards Bangladesh’s Vision of a Greener Tomorrow. Germany: LAP Publishers. ISBN 978-3-8465-9333-2, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh

  640. 640.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh

  641. 641.

    Sunny, Sanwar (2011). Green Buildings, Clean Transport and the Low Carbon Economy: Towards Bangladesh’s Vision of a Greener Tomorrow. Germany: LAP Publishers. ISBN 978-3-8465-9333-2, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh

  642. 642.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh

  643. 643.

    “For Migrants, Bangladesh Takes Back Land from the Sea,” Published: September 13, 2015, by Rafiqul Islam, Thomson Reuters Foundation, cited in http://www.climatecentral.org/news/bangladesh-takes-back-land-19440

  644. 644.

    Reporting by Rafiqul Islam; editing by Jumana Farouky and Laurie Goering, cited in http://www.climatecentral.org/news/bangladesh-takes-back-land-19440

  645. 645.

    Brammer, Hugh. “Bangladesh’s dynamic coastal regions and sea-level rise,” Climate Risk Management, 2014, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh

  646. 646.

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh

  647. 647.

    Sunny, Sanwar (2011). Green Buildings, Clean Transport and the Low Carbon Economy: Towards Bangladesh’s Vision of a Greener Tomorrow. Germany: LAP Publishers. ISBN 978-3-8465-9333-2, cited in https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Bangladesh

  648. 648.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  649. 649.

    Zubair, S., D. Bowen, and J. Elwin (2011). Not quite paradise: Inadequacies of environmental impact assessment in the Maldives. Tourism Management 32:225–234, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  650. 650.

    Woodworth, P.L. (2005). Have there been large recent sea level changes in the Maldives Islands? Global and Planetary Change 49:1–18; and Anthoff, D., R.J. Nicholls, and R.S.J. Tol. 2010. The economic impact of substantial sea-level rise. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15:321–335, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  651. 651.

    Zubair, S., D. Bowen, and J. Elwin (2011). Not quite paradise: Inadequacies of environmental impact assessment in the Maldives. Tourism Management 32:225–234, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  652. 652.

    The scenarios referred to here are the middle-emission pathways known as A1B and IS92a from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  653. 653.

    Anthoff, D., R. J. Nicholls, and R. S. J. Tol (2010). The economic impact of substantial sea-level rise. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15:321–335, cited in

  654. 654.

    Mimura, N., L. Nurse, R. F. McLean, J. Agard, L. Briguglio, P. Lefale, R. Payet, and G. Sem (2007). Small islands. In Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, and C.E. Hanson. Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.; and Bogardi, J., and K. Warner. 2008. Here comes the flood. Nature Reports Climate Change, December 11. Online at http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0901/full/climate.2008.138.html. Accessed April 23, 2011, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  655. 655.

    National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Republic of Maldives. 2007. Malé, Republic of Maldives: Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water; and Wikipedia. Online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A9. Accessed April 23, 2011, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  656. 656.

    United Nations Environment Programme (2005). Maldives post-tsunami environmental assessment. Nairobi, Kenya, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  657. 657.

    Bindoff, N. L., J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le Quéré, S. Levitus, Y. Nojiri, C.K. Shum, L. D. Talley, and A. Unnikrishnan (2007). Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level. In Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller. Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; and Meier, M. F., M. B. Dyuergerov, U. K. Rick, S. O’Neel, W. T. Pfeffer, R. S. Anderson, S. P. Anderson, and A. F. Glazovsky (2007). Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the twenty-first century. Science 371:1064–1067, cited in http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  658. 658.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/republic-of-maldives.html

  659. 659.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference . The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change with the representatives of the 196 parties attending it, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  660. 660.

    https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/mapping-climate-change

  661. 661.

    Map from Environment Canada, cited in https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/mapping-climate-change

  662. 662.

    Map from Environment Canada, cited in https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/mapping-climate-change

  663. 663.

    https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/mapping-climate-change

  664. 664.

    Maps of Natural Resources Canada, cited in https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/mapping-climate-change

  665. 665.

    https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/mapping-climate-change

  666. 666.

    Map of Geological Survey of Canada cited in https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/mapping-climate-change

  667. 667.

    “About Environment and Climate Change Canada.” About Environment and Climate Change Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved January 24, 2016, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  668. 668.

    Canada, Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change. “Environment and Climate Change Canada – Publications – The Science of Climate Change.” www.ec.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-24, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  669. 669.

    Canada, Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change. “Environment and Climate Change Canada – Climate Change – The Science of Climate Change.” ec.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-24, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  670. 670.

    Canada, Government of Canada, Environment. “biodivcanada.ca – Technical Reports.” www.biodivcanada.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-24, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  671. 671.

    Canada, Government of Canada, Environment. “biodivcanada.ca – Technical Reports.” www.biodivcanada.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-24, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  672. 672.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  673. 673.

    https://www.epa.gov/, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  674. 674.

    https://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/session44/l2_adopted_outline_sr15.pdf

  675. 675.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/polar-regions.html

  676. 676.

    “WRI Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (registration required to access data),” cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  677. 677.

    Rogers, Simon; Evans, Lisa (31 January 2011). “World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest.” The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 October 2015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  678. 678.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  679. 679.

    Canada’s Energy Outlook: The Reference Case 2006 Archived June 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  680. 680.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  681. 681.

    http://www.cgdev.org/page/mapping-impacts-climate-change

  682. 682.

    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/25/climate-change-partnership_n_7438224.html with a Reuters’ report. Editing by Jeffrey Hodgson and G. Crosse. Updated May 25, 2016

  683. 683.

    http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mexico-mexique/cmp-pcm.aspx?lang=eng

  684. 684.

    http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mexico-mexique/cmp-pcm.aspx?lang=eng

  685. 685.

    http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mexico-mexique/cmp-pcm.aspx?lang=eng. Report modified on 2016-06-09

  686. 686.

    http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2016/06/29/leaders-statement-north-american-climate-clean-energy-and-environment-partnership

  687. 687.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  688. 688.

    https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm

  689. 689.

    Government of Canada (2015). “Canada’s Action on Climate Change” (PDF). Retrieved 2015-09-14, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  690. 690.

    Government of Alberta (2008). “Climate Change Action Plan” (PDF). Retrieved 2015-09-08, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  691. 691.

    Woods, Allan (December 15, 2009). “Ontario and Quebec fear chill over climate pact.” Toronto Star. Toronto. Retrieved 2010-01-01, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  692. 692.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  693. 693.

    “Climate Change and Emissions Management Act: Specified Gas Emitters Regulation,” Alberta Queen’s Printer, Edmonton, Alberta, p. 27, 2007, retrieved 28 October 2015, cited in

  694. 694.

    “Specified Gas Emitters Regulation,” Alberta Environment and Parks (AEP), 2007, retrieved 28 October 2015, cited in

  695. 695.

    “Climate Leadership Discussion Document” (PDF), Government of Alberta, p. 57, August 2015, retrieved 28 October 2015, cited in

  696. 696.

    “Alberta Environment: Alberta River Basins Precipitation Maps.” Environment.alberta.ca. Retrieved 2009-11-21, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  697. 697.

    “Agriculture Drought Risk Management Plan for Alberta – Strategic Plan.” agric.gov.ab.ca. Retrieved 2009-11-21, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  698. 698.

    “Alberta ranchers forced to sell herds”. CBC. 18 August 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2009; and “Drought forcing Alberta ranchers to sell off cattle.” Cbc.ca. 9 July 2002. Retrieved 2009-11-21, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  699. 699.

    “CBC News – Canada – Ontario hay arrives in drought-stricken Alberta.” Cbc.ca. 2002-08-07. Retrieved 2009-11-21 [dead link], cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  700. 700.

    “Carbon Tax.” Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  701. 701.

    Environment Canada (15 April 2010). National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada 1990–2008 (3 volumes). UNFCCC, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  702. 702.

    “Clean Energy Vehicle Incentives.” Province of BC. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  703. 703.

    Giovanetti, Justin; Jones, Jeffrey (22 November 2015). “Alberta carbon plan a major pivot in environmental policy.” The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 7 May 2016, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  704. 704.

    “Climate Leadership.” Alberta Government. Retrieved 7 May 2016, cited in

  705. 705.

    McGrath, Matt (5 May 2016). “‘Perfect storm’ of El Niño and warming boosted Alberta fires.” BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 7 May 2016, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  706. 706.

    Kahn, Brian (4 May 2016). “Here’s the Climate Context for the Fort McMurray Wildfire.” Climate Central. Retrieved 7 May 2016, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  707. 707.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  708. 708.

    “Mountain Pine Beetle.” Ministry of Forestry. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in

  709. 709.

    “Summary of Previous Fire Seasons.” Wildfire Management Branch. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in

  710. 710.

    “Flooding Cuts Off B.C. Communities.” CBC News. 2010-09-26. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in

  711. 711.

    Climate Action Plan.” Climate Action Secretariat. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  712. 712.

    “Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets Act.” BC Laws. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  713. 713.

    “Carbon Tax.” Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  714. 714.

    “Carbon Neutral BC Public Sector.” Province of BC. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  715. 715.

    “Clean Energy Vehicle Incentives.” Province of BC. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  716. 716.

    “Making Progress on B.C.’s Climate Action Plan” (PDF). Province of BC. Retrieved 2013-04-04, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  717. 717.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  718. 718.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  719. 719.

    Statistics Canada. Table 051-0005 – Estimates of population, Canada, provinces and territories, quarterly (persons), CANSIM (database), cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  720. 720.

    National Inventory Report 1990-2010: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  721. 721.

    Climate Vision: Climate Change Progress Report. Technical Appendix, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  722. 722.

    National Inventory Report 1990–2010: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, Part I, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  723. 723.

    “Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change.” Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change. Retrieved August 2, 2016, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  724. 724.

    Climate Vision: Climate Change Progress Report. Technical Appendix, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  725. 725.

    Ontario Regulation 496/07 – Cessation of Coal Use – Atikokan, Lambton, Nanticoke and Thunder Bay Generating Stations, issued under the Environmental Protection Act, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  726. 726.

    Ontario Power Generation, 2011 Annual Report Archived March 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  727. 727.

    Cleaner Air and More Green Space for Ontarians to Enjoy: McGuinty Government Closing Coal Plants Earlier, Growing Greenbelt. January 20, 2013, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  728. 728.

    An Act to enact the Green Energy Act (2009) and to build a green economy, to repeal the Energy Conservation Leadership Act (2006) and the Energy Efficiency Act, and to amend other statutes, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  729. 729.

    Climate Ready: Ontario’s Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 2011–2014, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  730. 730.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  731. 731.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  732. 732.

    Environment Canada (April 17, 2009). National Inventory Report Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada 1990–2007. UNFCCC. pg. 519, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  733. 733.

    Environnement Canada. “Search Facility Data – Results.” Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting on Greenhouse Gases. Retrieved 2010-01-01, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  734. 734.

    Government of Quebec (November 2008). “Inventaire québécois des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en 2006 et évolution depuis 1990” (PDF) (in French). Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs. pg. 5. Retrieved 2009-05-15, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  735. 735.

    Francoeur, Louis-Gilles (May 12, 2009). “Le Québec et l’Ontario tiendront un registre conjoint des émissions de GES.” Le Devoir (in French). Montreal. p. 1. Retrieved 2009-05-12, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  736. 736.

    Francoeur, Louis-Gilles (November 24, 2009). “Climat: le Québec vise haut.” Le Devoir (in French). Montreal. pg. 1. Retrieved 2009-11-26, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  737. 737.

    Government of Quebec (October 2009). Quelle cible de réduction d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre à l’horizon 2020? (PDF) (in French). Quebec City: Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs du Québec. pg. 31. ISBN 978-2-550-57204-6, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  738. 738.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  739. 739.

    State of Canada’s Forests: 2004–2005, The Boreal Forest, Canadian Forest Service, ISBN 0-662-40014-3, pg. 4, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada

  740. 740.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada

  741. 741.

    “Annual Regional Temperature Departures”. Environment Canada. Retrieved April 2, 2012, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  742. 742.

    Canadian Boreal Initiative online, http://www.borealcanada.ca/boreal-did-you-know-e.php; State of Canada’s Forests: 2004–2005, pg. 43, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada

  743. 743.

    State of Canada’s Forests: 2004–2005, p. 45, Map “Canada’s Boreal Forest” inside back cover, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada#cite_note-2

  744. 744.

    Hogg, E. H.; P.Y. Bernier (2005). “Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada”. Forestry Chronicle. 81 (5): 675–682. doi:https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc81675-5, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  745. 745.

    Jump, A.S.; J. Peñuelas (2005). “Running to stand still: Adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change.” Ecology Letters. 8 (9): 1010–1020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00796.x.; Aiken, S. N.; S. Yeaman; J. A. Holliday; W. TongLi; S. Curtis-McLane (2008). “Adaptation, migration or extirpation: Climate change outcomes for tree populations.” Evolutionary Applications. 1: 95–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x; and McLane, S. C.; S. N. Aiken (2012). “Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) assisted migration potential: testing establishment north of the species range.” Ecological Applications. 22 (1): 142–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0329.1, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  746. 746.

    Reich, P. B.; J. Oleksyn (2008). “Climate warming will reduce growth and survival of Scots pine except in the far north.” Ecology Letters. 11 (6): 588–597. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01172.x, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  747. 747.

    Hogg, E. H.; P. Y. Bernier (2005). “Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada”. Forestry Chronicle. 81 (5): 675–682. doi:https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc81675-5, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  748. 748.

    Aubin, I.; C. M. Garbe; S. Colombo; C. R. Drever; D. W. McKenney; C. Messier; J. Pedlar; M. A. Saner; L. Vernier; A. M. Wellstead; R. Winder; E. Witten; E. Ste-Marie (2011). “Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada’s forests”. Forestry Chronicle. 87 (6): 755–765. doi:https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-092, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  749. 749.

    Vitt, P.; K. Havens; A. T. Kramer; D. Sollenberger; E. Yates (2010). “Assisted migration of plants: Changes in latitudes, changes in attitudes.” Biological Conservation. 143 (1): 18–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  750. 750.

    Aubin, I.; C. M. Garbe; S. Colombo; C. R. Drever; D. W. McKenney; C. Messier; J. Pedlar; M. A. Saner; L. Vernier; A. M. Wellstead; R. Winder; E. Witten; E. Ste-Marie (2011). “Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada’s forests.” Forestry Chronicle, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  751. 751.

    Ste-Marie, C.; E.A. Nelson; A. Dabros; M.E. Bonneau (2011). “Assisted migration: Introduction to a multifaceted concept”. Forestry Chronicle. 87 (6): 724–730. doi:https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-089, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  752. 752.

    Aubin, I.; C. M. Garbe; S. Colombo; C. R. Drever; D. W. McKenney; C. Messier; J. Pedlar; M. A. Saner; L. Vernier; A. M. Wellstead; R. Winder; E. Witten; E. Ste-Marie (2011). “Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada’s forests”. Forestry Chronicle. 87 (6): 755–765. doi:https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-092, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  753. 753.

    Ste-Marie, C., E. A. Nelson, A. Dabros, and M. E. Bonneau (2011). “Assisted migration: Introduction to a multifaceted concept.” Forestry Chronicle. 87 (6): 724–730. doi:https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-089, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada

  754. 754.

    https://www.google.com/search?q=us+global+warming+map&biw=1138&bih=544&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwi3v8vVuNzRAhVlwYMKHc3-BcgQsAQIRw&dpr=1.2#imgrc=T22Qn8gsbMV6GM%3A

  755. 755.

    http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate

  756. 756.

    Figure sources are NOAA NCDC/CICS-NC, cited in http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate#intro-section-2

  757. 757.

    http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate#intro-section-2

  758. 758.

    http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate#intro-section-2

  759. 759.

    Church, J. A., N. J. White, L. F. Konikow, C. M. Domingues, J. G. Cogley, E. Rignot, J. M. Gregory, M. R. van den Broeke, A. J. Monaghan, and I. Velicogna, 2011: Revisiting the Earth’s sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L18601, doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048794, cited in http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate#intro-section-2

  760. 760.

    AMAP, 2011: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, pg. 538, cited in http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate#intro-section-2

  761. 761.

    Data from CMIP3, CMIP5, and NOAA NCDC, cited in http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/report-findings/future-climate#intro-section-2

  762. 762.

    http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/maps/risk-zone

  763. 763.

    http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/maps/risk-zone

  764. 764.

    http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/maps/risk-zone

  765. 765.

    http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/maps/risk-zone

  766. 766.

    “The Human Fingerprints on Coastal Floods,” A COMMENTARY by Benjamin Strauss, published February 22, 2016, cited in http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-human-fingerprints-on-coastal-floods-20050

  767. 767.

    http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/

  768. 768.

    According to a report by Rebecca Jacobson, March 14, 2012, published in the journal Environmental Research Letters, cited in http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/will-you-be-underwater-theres-a-map-for-that/

  769. 769.

    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/10/10/climate-change-has-been-making-western-forest-fires-worse-for-decades-study-says/?utm_term=.fd7821ff408a&wpisrc=nl_green&wpmm=1

  770. 770.

    http://www.umces.edu/commentaries, September 26, 2014

  771. 771.

    http://www.umces.edu/commentaries

  772. 772.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  773. 773.

    Borenstein, Seth (29 November 2015). “Earth is a wilder, warmer place since last climate deal made”. Retrieved 29 November 2015; The Editorial Board (28 November 2015). “What the Paris Climate Meeting Must Do.” New York Times. Retrieved 28 November 2015; and Gillis, Justin (28 November 2015). “Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change.” New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  774. 774.

    “‘Voices’ speaker talks climate change.” The Dartmouth. Retrieved 29 November 2012, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  775. 775.

    Mary S. Booth. “Biomass Briefing, October 2009” (PDF). massenvironmentalenergy.org. Massachusetts Environmental Energy Alliance. Retrieved 12 December 2010, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  776. 776.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  777. 777.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  778. 778.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Energy_Independence_and_Global_Warming; and “House creates new committee to study global warming.” Associated Press, International Herald Tribune. March 8, 2007, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Energy_Independence_and_Global_Warming

  779. 779.

    H.Res. 5 (112th Cong.), cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Energy_Independence_and_Global_Warming

  780. 780.

    USGCRP (2014) Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, Eds., 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. US Global Change Research Program, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  781. 781.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  782. 782.

    USGCRP (2014) Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T. C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe (eds.), 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  783. 783.

    Source: US National Climate Assessment, 2014, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  784. 784.

    IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  785. 785.

    USGCRP (2014) Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe (eds.), 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. US Global Change Research Program, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  786. 786.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  787. 787.

    USGCRP (2009). Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Thomas R. Karl, Jerry M. Melillo, and Thomas C. Peterson (eds.). United States Global Change Research Program. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  788. 788.

    IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Exit. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P. M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, cited in https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/future-climate-change

  789. 789.

    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/rcsd/central

  790. 790.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  791. 791.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  792. 792.

    EPA Alumni Association: Former EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus and his senior assistants discuss integrating 10 regional offices into the fledgling agency. Video,transcript (see pages 6, 9), cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  793. 793.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  794. 794.

    EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator Bill Ruckelshaus and some of his closest aides recall the opening months of the new agency in 1970, Video,transcript (see pg. 4), cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  795. 795.

    Turner, D. B. (1994). Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-023-X; and Beychok, M.R. (2005). Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th ed.). Author-published. ISBN 0-9644588-0-2. Air-dispersion.com, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  796. 796.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  797. 797.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  798. 798.

    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/rcsd/western

  799. 799.

    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/rcsd/southern

  800. 800.

    https://www.fws.gov/pacific/Climatechange/changepnw.html

  801. 801.

    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/rcsd/central

  802. 802.

    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/rcsd/alaska

  803. 803.

    https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/rcsd/eastern

  804. 804.

    http://www.adaptationclearinghouse.org/resources/neclimateus-org.html

  805. 805.

    Financial Times dated 5-31-09; pg. 1

  806. 806.

    Wall Street Journal news item by Stephanie Simon, dated 4-18-10; pg. R7

  807. 807.

    Wall Street Journal news item dated 4-18-10; pgs. R1–R4

  808. 808.

    ASME Mechanical Engineering Magazine article by Alan Brown, July 2009; pg. 13

  809. 809.

    US News and World Report, article by Mary Duan, May 2009; pg. 30

  810. 810.

    News Week news item reported on April 13, 2009; pg. 50

  811. 811.

    New York Times News item dated 4-19-09; pgs. 60–61

  812. 812.

    US News and World Report by Brian Kelley, April 2009; pg. 4

  813. 813.

    US News and World Report article dated April 2009; pg. 64

  814. 814.

    Article by Jeffrey Ball, Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2010; pg. A4

  815. 815.

    Article by Russell Gold, Wall Street Journal, July 2, 2010; pg. A5

  816. 816.

    Reported by James R. Hagerty and Amol Sharma, Wall Street Journal, June 28, 2010; pg. A6

  817. 817.

    News item by Bjorn Lomborg, Wall Street Journal, April, 17, 2010; pg. A13

  818. 818.

    News item by Stephen Power, Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2010; pg. R5

  819. 819.

    News item by Paul H. Rubin, Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2010; pg. A21

  820. 820.

    Report by Sarah Baldauf, US News & World Report, April 2010; pg. 66

  821. 821.

    Report by Debra Bell, US News & World Report, April 2010; pg. 64

  822. 822.

    Article by Jay Rockefeller, Wall Street Journal, March 2, 2010; pg. A22

  823. 823.

    Article by Jean Thilmany, ASME Mechanical Engineering Magazine, March 2010; pg. 40

  824. 824.

    Essay by Robert Stavins, Wall Street Journal, Sept. 21, 2009; pg. R3

  825. 825.

    A stimulating article by Devin Leonard, New York Times, Sept. 6, 2009; pg. 5

  826. 826.

    Across the Atlantic about US Environment by Fiona Harvey, Financial Times, Sept. 18, 2009; pg. 2

  827. 827.

    An article by Edward Luce, Washington, Financial Times, Sept. 18, 2009; pg. 2

  828. 828.

    Report by Robert Stavins, Wall Street Journal, Sept. 21, 2009; pg. R1

  829. 829.

    Article by Ana Campoy, Wall Street Journal, Sept. 1, 2009; pg. B1

  830. 830.

    Report by Tom Bening, Wall Street Journal, Aug. 24, 2009; pg. B2

  831. 831.

    Report by Richard Milne, Financial Times, Aug. 23, 2009; pg. 12

  832. 832.

    Report by Jeffrey Ball, Wall Street Journal, July 24, 2009; pg. A11

  833. 833.

    Report by Smart Grids, Financial Times, Aug. 20, 2009; pg. 17

  834. 834.

    A thought-provoking article by Jeffrey Ball; Snowmass, CO, Wall Street Journal, Aug. 7, 2009; pg. A9

  835. 835.

    A report in Wall Street Journal, Aug 19, 2009; pg. 4

  836. 836.

    A provocative article by Anna Prior, Wall Street Journal, Aug. 24, 2009; pg. R6

  837. 837.

    Financial Times, July 7, 2009; pg. 5

  838. 838.

    Report by Jeffrey Ball, Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2009; pg. A10

  839. 839.

    Report by Rebecca Bream, Financial Times, Nov. 9, 2007; pg. 12

  840. 840.

    Articles by Sheila McNulty, Financial Times, Nov. 9, 2007; pg. 12

  841. 841.

    Report by Fiona Harvey, Financial Times, Nov. 9, 2007; pg. 11

  842. 842.

    https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/settlement-interstate-power-and-light-reduce-emissions-iowa-power-plants-fund-projects

  843. 843.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  844. 844.

    https://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/energysubsidies/ff_subsidies_slides.pdf

  845. 845.

    World Energy Outlook 2011 Factsheet Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. How will global energy markets evolve to 2035? IEA November 2011 6 pages, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  846. 846.

    Henning Gloystein (Nov. 23, 2011). “Renewable energy becoming cost competitive, IEA says.” Reuters, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  847. 847.

    World Energy Outlook 2011 Factsheet. Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. How will global energy markets evolve to 2035? IEA November 2011 6 pages, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  848. 848.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  849. 849.

    Vidal, John (3 December 2012). “Climate change compensation emerges as major issue at Doha talks.” London: The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2012, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  850. 850.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  851. 851.

    American Association for the Advancement of Science Statement on the Teaching of Evolution Archived 21 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine; and Intelligent Judging – Evolution in the Classroom and the Courtroom George J. Annas, New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 354:2277–2281, May 25, 2006, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  852. 852.

    Of Montreal and Kyoto: A Tale of Two Protocols by Cass R. Sunstein 38 ELR 10566 8/2008, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  853. 853.

    Aant Elzinga, “Shaping Worldwide Consensus: The Orchestration of Global Change Research,” in Elzinga & Landström eds. (1996): 223–255. ISBN 0-947568-67-0, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  854. 854.

    Climate Change: What Role for Sociology? A Response to Constance Lever-Tracy, Reiner Grundmann and Nico Stehr, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392110376031 Current Sociology November 2010 vol. 58 no. 6897–910; see Lever-Tracy’s paper in the same journal. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  855. 855.

    Environmental Politics Climate Change and Knowledge Politics REINER GRUNDMANN Vol. 16, No. 3, 414–432, June 2007, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  856. 856.

    Climate Change: What Role for Sociology? A Response to Constance Lever-Tracy, Reiner Grundmann and Nico Stehr, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392110376031 Current Sociology November 2010 vol. 58 no. 6897–910; see Lever-Tracy’s paper in the same journal, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  857. 857.

    [Knowledge, ignorance and the popular culture: climate change versus the ozone hole, by Sheldon Ungar, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/9/3/306 Public Understanding of Science July 2000 vol. 9 no. 3297–312, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  858. 858.

    Michael Oppenheimer et al., The limits of consensus, in Science Magazine’s State of the Planet 2008–2009: with a Special Section on Energy and Sustainability, Donald Kennedy, Island Press, 01.12.2008, separate as CLIMATE CHANGE, The Limits of Consensus Michael Oppenheimer, Brian C. O’Neill, Mort Webster, Shardul Agrawal, in Science 14 September 2007: Vol. 317 no. 5844 pgs. 1505–1506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144831, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming

  859. 859.

    http://www.umces.edu/commentaries

  860. 860.

    “EPA’s Budget and Spending | Planning Budget Results.” US EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2017-01-12, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  861. 861.

    Jackson, H.M. “Scoop” (1969-07-09). “Senate Report No. 91–296 – NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969.” Calendar 287. U.S. Congress. pg. 11. Retrieved 2013-03-10, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  862. 862.

    Weiland, Paul S. (Spring 1997). “Amending the National Environmental Policy Act: Federal Environmental Protection in the Twenty-First Century” (PDF). Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law: 275–301. Retrieved 21 February 2015, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  863. 863.

    “About EPA | US EPA.” Epa.gov. 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-28, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  864. 864.

    Bullard, Robert. Growing Smarter: Achieving Livable Communities, Environmental Justice, and Regional Equity. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  865. 865.

    Rosenbaum, W. A. “Still reforming after all these years: George W. Bush’s new era” at the EPA. Environmental Policy: New directions for the twenty-first century. Washington DC: CQ Press, 2003, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  866. 866.

    Burns, Ronald G., Michael J. Lynch, and Paul Stretesky. Environmental Law, Crime, and Justice. New York: LFB Scholarly publishing Inc., 2008, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  867. 867.

    Environmental Justice Coalition (EJC). “Environmental Justice act of 2009.” Environmental Justice Coalition, 2008. EJ Coalition Online: Ejcoalition.Multiply.com. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  868. 868.

    “Meddling at EPA? Activists point to survey; Two thirds of 1586 EPA scientists polled cite interference, UCS reports.” Associated Press. April 23, 2008; cited in “Meddling at EPA? Activists point to survey; Two thirds of 1586 EPA scientists polled cite interference, UCS reports.” Associated Press. April 23, 2008

  869. 869.

    Stedeford, Todd (2007). “Prior restraint and censorship: acknowledged occupational hazards for government scientists.” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. 31 (3): 725–745, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  870. 870.

    Stedeford (2007), “Prior restraint and censorship: acknowledged occupational hazards for government scientists.” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. 31 (3): pg. 738, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  871. 871.

    Stedeford (2007), Stedeford (2007), “Prior restraint and censorship: acknowledged occupational hazards for government scientists.” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. 31 (3): pg. 736, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  872. 872.

    Josh Harkinson and Kate Sheppard (April 27, 2010). “Coastal Collapse.” Slate. Retrieved 1 June 2010, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  873. 873.

    Urbina, Ian (3 March 2011). “Pressure Limits Efforts to Police Drilling for Gas.” The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2012. “More than a quarter-century of efforts by some lawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better have been thwarted, as E.P.A. studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and important findings have been removed”; The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study’s Scope.” The New York Times. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2012. “While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study, industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus”; and Natural Gas Documents.” The New York Times. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012. “The Times reviewed more than 30,000 pages of documents obtained through open records requests of state and federal agencies and by visiting various regional offices that oversee drilling in Pennsylvania. Some of the documents were leaked by state or federal officials.” “The Debate over the Hydrofracking Study’s Scope.” The New York Times. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2012. “While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study, industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus”; and “Natural Gas Documents”. The New York Times. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012. The Times reviewed more than 30,000 pages of documents obtained through open record requests of state and federal agencies and by visiting various regional offices that oversee drilling in Pennsylvania. Some of the documents were leaked by state or federal officials. Cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency

  874. 874.

    “California Climate Change Executive Orders.” California Climate Change. Retrieved 17 April 2016, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  875. 875.

    http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cc.htm cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  876. 876.

    “Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. – Home”. ca.gov, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  877. 877.

    http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_32_bill_20060927_chaptered.pdf, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  878. 878.

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1 December 2008). “KYOTO PROTOCOL.” unfccc.int, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  879. 879.

    Quarterly Auction and Reserve Sale Information – Cap-and-Trade.” ca.gov, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  880. 880.

    Archived copy.” Archived from the original on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2010-12-17, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  881. 881.

    Environmental Defense Fund. “California is leading the climate change fight.” Environmental Defense Fund, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  882. 882.

    “Water Sustainability – Water Supply at Risk – NRDC”. nrdc.org, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  883. 883.

    California Chamber of Commerce v. California Air Resources Board, et al., No. 34-2012-80001313; Morningstar Packing Co. v. California Air Resources Board, et al., No. 34-2013-80001464, cited in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming_Solutions_Act_of_2006

  884. 884.

    “Sacramento judge tentatively says state can auction air quality credits in California”. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2016, cited in

  885. 885.

    Katy Grimes, capoliticalreview.com, cited in

  886. 886.

    Cara Horowitz, “California cap and trade survives industry tax challenge” legal-planet.org 2013, cited in

  887. 887.

    https://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/adaptation.htm

  888. 888.

    https://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/adaptation.htm

  889. 889.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/north-america.html

  890. 890.

    http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-solutions/north-america.html

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. KRRao Consulting, Brandon, Minnesota, USA

    K. R. Rao

Authors
  1. K. R. Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rao, K.R. (2019). Environmental Impacts in Relation to Wind Energy. In: Wind Energy for Power Generation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75134-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75134-4_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75132-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75134-4

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation