Abstract
This chapter discusses the integration theories that form the bases of MERCOSUR’s comparisons with the EU in the subsequent substantive chapters. The chapter builds up the analytical framework for the comparison of the regions deriving the specific criteria of comparison from the discussed theories.
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Notes
- 1.
Malamud, Andrés and Schmitter, Philippe C. 2011. The experience of European integration and the potential for integration in South America. In New Regionalism and the European Union: Dialogues, comparisons and new research directions, edited by Alex Warleigh-Lack, Nick Robinson and Ben Rosamond, pp 135–157. Routledge, London. p 135. Malamud, Andrés and Schmitter, Philippe C. 2006. La experiencia de integración europea y el potencial de integración del Mercosur. Desarrollo Económico, 46 (181), pp 3–31. p 3. Campbell, Jorge (editor). 2000. Mercosul: entre a realidade e a utopia. Relume Dumará, Rio de Janeiro. Campbell, Jorge (editor). 1999. Mercosur. Entre la Realidad y la UtopÃa. Editorial Nuevohacer/CEI, BsAs. Roett, Riordan (editor). 1999. MERCOSUR: Regional Integration, World Markets. Lynne Rienner, Boulder.
- 2.
For definitions of regional integration see: Fawcett, Louise. 1995. Regionalism in Historical Perspective. In Regionalism in World Politics, edited by Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell, pp 9–36. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Fawcett, Louise. 2004. Exploring regional domains: a comparative study of regionalism. International Affairs, 80:3, pp 429–446. Hurrell, Andrew. 1995. Regionalism in Theoretical Perspective. In Regionalism in World Politics, edited by Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell, pp 37–73. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mansfield, Edward D. and Milner, Helen V. 1997. The Political Economy of Regionalism: An Overview. In The Political Economy of Regionalism, edited by Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner, pp 1–19. Columbia University Press, New York. Choi, Young Jong and Caporaso, James A. 2002. Comparative Regional Integration. In Handmonograph of International Relations, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth A. Simmons, pp 480–499. Sage Publications, London.
- 3.
Malamud and Schmitter, 2011. p 142.
- 4.
Common market is the free supply of services and unrestricted movement of goods, workers, and capital. Above all, the commitment to the common market is reflected in the name of MERCOSUR:
MERCOSUR/L = Mercado Común del Sur = Mercado Comum do Sul = Common Market of the South.
- 5.
As in Balassa, Bela A. 1961. The Theory of Economic Integration. Irwin, Homewood, Illinois.
- 6.
The ECSC was established in 1952, the EEC and EURATOM in 1957, the EC in 1967; PICE started in 1986 and MERCOSUR in 1991. Everywhere in the monograph the comparison of the two blocs is ahistorical. Age is not an independent variable. The EEC is 34 years older than MERCOSUR. However, Argentina and Brazil of today are not France and Germany 34 years ago, and contemporary MERCOSUR does not replicate the EU of 34 years ago. Besides, it is not easy to identify uncontested starting points of the two processes. Both 1952 and 1957 can be considered birth years of the EU. The bilateral process of commercial liberalization between Argentina and Brazil started in 1986, and the Treaty of MERCOSUR incorporated two small countries Uruguay and Paraguay into this process. The EEC and the Treaty of MERCOSUR are arbitrary benchmarks: whereas in Europe integration efforts were preceded by WW2, the process of rapprochement in the Southern Cone began early in the twentieth century.
- 7.
Based on CIA data for 2016.
- 8.
González-Oldekop, Florencia. 1997. La Integración y Sus Instituciones: Los Casos de la Comunidad Europea y el MERCOSUR. Ediciones Ciudad Argentina, BsAs.
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de Almeida Medeiros, Marcelo. 2000. A hegemonia brasileira no Mercosul: O efeito samba e suas conseqüências no processo institucional de integração. In O Mercosul no limiar do século XXI, edited by Marcos Costa Lima and Marcelo de Almeida Medeiros, pp 190–205. Cortez Editora, São Paulo.
- 10.
Malamud, Andrés. 2010. Latin American Regionalism and EU Studies. Journal of European Integration, 32:6, pp 637–657. p 643.
- 11.
Idem, p 642.
- 12.
Kaltenthaler, Karl and Mora, Frank. 2002. Explaining Latin American economic integration: the case of Mercosur. Review of International Political Economy, 9, pp 72–97.
- 13.
Malamud, Andrés. 2005. Mercosur Turns 15: Between Rising Rhetoric and Declining Achievement. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 18:3, pp 421–436.
- 14.
Malamud and Schmitter, 2011. p 135.
- 15.
See, for example, Carranza, Mario E. 2010. Mercosur, the Global Crisis, and the New Architecture of Regionalism in the Americas. Working Paper 125. FLACSO, Curridabat, Costa Rica.
- 16.
Burges, Sean. 2005. Bounded by the Reality of Trade: Practical Limits to a South American Region. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 18:3, pp 437–454.
- 17.
Idem.
- 18.
Sil, Rudra and Katzenstein, Peter J. 2010. Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- 19.
Lindberg, Leon N. 1971. Political Integration as a Multidimensional Phenomenon Requiring Multivariate Measurement. In Regional Integration: Theory and Research, edited by Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold, pp 45–127. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Wiener, Antje and Diez, Thomas (editors). 2009. European Integration Theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- 20.
On neofunctionalism see: Haas, Ernst Bernard. 1958. The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–1957. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Rosamond, Ben. 2000. Theories of European Integration. St. Martin’s Press, New York. pp 50–73. Strøby Jensen, Carsten. 2003. Neo-functionalism. In European Union Politics, edited by Michelle Cini, pp 80–92. Niemann, Arne and Schmitter, Philippe C. 2009. Neofunctionalism. In European Integration Theory, edited by Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, pp 45–65. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- 21.
Haas, 1958. p xix.
- 22.
Idem, p 16.
- 23.
Rosamond, 2000. Strøby Jensen, 2003. El-Agraa, Ali M. 2011. The theory of economic integration. In The European Union: Economics and Policies, edited by Ali M. El-Agraa, pp 83–101. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- 24.
On liberal intergovernmentalism see: Moravcsik, Andrew. 1998. The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina and Maastricht. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Michelmann, Hans and Soldatos, Panayotis (editors). 1994. European integration: Theories and Approaches. University Press of America, Lanaham.
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1993. Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmental Approach. Journal of Common Market Studies, 31:4, pp 473–524. Moravcsik, Andrew and Schimmelfennig, Frank. 2009. Liberal Intergovernmentalism. In European Integration Theory, edited by Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, pp 67–86. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- 25.
On social constructivism see: Risse, Thomas. 2009. Social Constructivism and European Integration. In European Integration Theory, edited by Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, pp 144–160. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wallace, William. 1990. The Transformation of Western Europe. Pinter Publishers, London. Rosamond, 2000. pp 171–174.
- 26.
Mace, Gordon and Bélanger, Louis. 1999. The Structural Contexts of Hemispheric Regionalism: Power, Trade, Political Culture, and Economic Development. In The Americas in Transition, The Contours of Regionalism, edited by Gordon Mace and Louis Bélanger, pp 37–67. Lynne Rienner, Boulder.
- 27.
Wiener, Antje. 2006. Soft Institutions. In Principles of European Constitutional Law, edited by Armin von Bogdandy and Jürgen Bast, pp 419–449. Hart Publishing, Oxford.
- 28.
For a discussion of neorealist explanations of regionalism see: Hurrell, 1995. Rosamond, 2000. pp 131–135. Hurrell, Andrew. 2001. The Politics of Regional Integration in MERCOSUR. In Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Political Economy of Open Regionalism, edited by Victor Bulmer-Thomas, pp 194–211. Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London, London. pp 207–209.
- 29.
Kurth, James. 1996. America’s Grand Strategy. A pattern of History. The National Interest, 43, pp 3–19. p 19.
- 30.
Oliva Campos, Carlos. 2002. The United States, Latin America, and the Caribbean: From Panamericanism to Neopanamericanism. In Neoliberalism and Neopanamericanism: The View from Latin America, edited by Gary Prevost and Carlos Oliva Campos, pp 3–27. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. p 11.
- 31.
Based on CIA population data for mid-2017 and GDP data for 2017.
- 32.
Gilpin, Robert. 2001. Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton University Press, Princeton. pp 342 and 360.
- 33.
Moravcsik about ‘the evolution of the European Union’ in Moravcsik, Andrew. 2003. Theory Synthesis in International Relations: Real Not Metaphysical. International Studies Review, 5 (1), pp 131–136. p 132.
- 34.
Sil and Katzenstein, 2010.
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Mukhametdinov, M. (2019). Analytical Framework for the Comparison of Regions. In: MERCOSUR and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76825-0_1
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