Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Salivary Glands and Head and Neck

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Atlas of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

Abstract

A large panorama of lesions is accessible to fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). This chapter focuses on lesions of the salivary glands, as well as tumors of the tongue and oral and nasal cavities. Some unusual lesions of the neck will also be presented. Aspiration cytology of thyroid, parathyroid, and lymph nodes is dealt with in other chapters. When confronted with a mass lesion in the head and neck area, it is not always obvious which organ or structure is involved or where a tumor originates. The widespread distribution of minor salivary glands, for instance, implies that tumors originating from these glands may present in unexpected sites. Aspiration cytology therefore can play an important role in clarifying the basic question of tumor origin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Pynnonen MA, Gillespie MB, Roman B, Rosenfeld RM, Tunkel DE, Bontempo L, et al. Clinical practice guideline: evaluation of the neck mass in adults. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: Off J Am Acad Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157(2_suppl):S1–S30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Sood S, McGurk M, Vaz F. Management of salivary gland tumours: United Kingdom national multidisciplinary guidelines. J Laryngol Otol. 2016;130(S2):S142–S9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Silva WP, Stramandinoli-Zanicotti RT, Schussel JL, Ramos GH, Ioshi SO, Accuracy SLM. Sensitivity and specificity of fine needle aspiration biopsy for salivary gland tumors: a retrospective study from 2006 to 2011. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(11):4973–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Kim BY, Hyeon J, Ryu G, Choi N, Baek CH, Ko YH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology for high-grade salivary gland tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:2380–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Singh Nanda KD, Mehta A, Nanda J. Fine-needle aspiration cytology: a reliable tool in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012;41:106–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nguansangiam S, Jesdapatarakul S, Dhanarak N, Sosrisakorn K. Accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland lesions: routine diagnostic experience in Bangkok, Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13:1583–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Schmidt RL, Hall BJ, Wilson AR, Layfield LJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology for parotid gland lesions. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;136:45–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Colella G, Cannavale R, Flamminio F, Foschini MP. Accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland lesions in the Netherlands cancer institute. Head Neck. 2004;26:418–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Shetty A, Geethamani V. Role of fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of major salivary gland tumors: a study with histological and clinical correlation. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2016;20(2):224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Feinstein AJ, Alonso J, Yang SE, St John M. Diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration for parotid and submandibular gland lesions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: Off J Am Acad Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;155(3):431–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gudmundsson JK, Ajan A, Abtahi J. The accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis of parotid gland masses: a clinicopathological study of 114 patients. J Appl Oral Sci. 2016;24(6):561–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Parfitt JR, McLachlin CM, Weir MM. Comparison of ThinPrep and conventional smears in salivary gland fine-needle aspiration biopsies. Cancer. 2007;111:123–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kechagias N, Ntomouchtsis A, Valeri R, Patrikidou A, Kitikidou K, Xirou P, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland tumours: a 10-year retrospective analysis. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;16:35–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Cho HW, Kim J, Choi J, Choi HS, Kim ES, Kim SH, et al. Sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of major salivary gland masses: a review of 245 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196:1160–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stramandinoli RT, Sassi LM, Pedruzzi PA, Ramos GH, Oliveira BV, Ogata DC, et al. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of fine needle aspiration biopsy in salivary gland tumours: a retrospective study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:e32–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang S, Bao R, Bagby J, Abreo F. Fine needle aspiration of salivary glands: 5-year experience from a single academic center. Acta Cytol. 2009;53:375–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Daneshbod Y, Daneshbod K, Khademi B. Diagnostic difficulties in the interpretation of fine needle aspirate samples in salivary lesions: diagnostic pitfalls revisited. Acta Cytol. 2009;53:53–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Rajwanshi A, Gupta K, Gupta N, Shukla R, Srinivasan R, Nijhawan R, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of salivary glands: diagnostic pitfalls—revisited. Diagn Cytopathol. 2006;34:580–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mairembam P, Jay A, Beale T, Morley S, Vaz F, Kalavrezos N, et al. Salivary gland FNA cytology: role as a triage tool and an approach to pitfalls in cytomorphology. Cytopathol: Off J Br Soc Clin Cytology. 2016;27(2):91–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kocjan G, Nayagam M, Harris M. Fine needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland lesions: advantages and pitfalls. Cytopathology. 1990;1:269–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen KT. Diagnostic pitfalls in fine needle aspiration of cystic salivary gland lesions. Acta Cytol. 2007;51:675–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Siddiqui NH, Wu SJ. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of cystic pleomorphic adenoma with adnexa-like differentiation mimicking mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a case report. Diagn Cytopathol. 2005;32:229–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Edwards PC, Wasserman P. Evaluation of cystic salivary gland lesions by fine needle aspiration: an analysis of 21 cases. Acta Cytol. 2005;49:489–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Firat P, Ersoz C, Uguz A, Onder S. Cystic lesions of the head and neck: cytohistological correlation in 63 cases. Cytopathology. 2007;18:184–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Allison DB, McCuiston AM, Kawamoto S, Eisele DW, Bishop JA, Maleki Z. Cystic major salivary gland lesions: utilizing fine needle aspiration to optimize the clinical management of a broad and diverse differential diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2017;45(9):800–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Handa U, Dhingra N, Chopra R, Mohan H. Pleomorphic adenoma: cytologic variations and potential diagnostic pitfalls. Diagn Cytopathol. 2009;37:11–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Salehi S, Maleki Z. Diagnostic challenges and problem cases in salivary gland cytology: a 20-year experience. Cancer. 2018;126(2);101–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ethunandan M, Witton R, Hoffman G, Spedding A, Brennan PA. Atypical features in pleomorphic adenoma—a clinicopathologic study and implications for management. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:608–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Batrani M, Kaushal M, Sen AK, Yadav R, Chaturvedi NK. Pleomorphic adenoma with squamous and appendageal metaplasia mimicking mucoepidermoid carcinoma on cytology. Cytojournal. 2009;6:5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Paker I, Yilmazer D, Arikok AT, Saylam G, Hucumenoglu S. Basal cell adenoma with extensive squamous metaplasia and cellular atypia: a case report with cytohistopathological correlation and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol. 2012;40:48–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jurczyk M, Peevey JF, Vande Haar MA, Lin X. Pitfalls of fine-needle aspiration cytology of parotid membranous basal cell adenoma-a review of pitfalls in FNA cytology of salivary gland neoplasms with basaloid cell features. Diagn Cytopathol. 2015;43(5):432–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rossi ED, Faquin WC, Baloch Z, Barkan GA, Foschini MP, Pusztaszeri M, et al. The Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology: analysis and suggestions of initial survey. Cancer. 2017;125(10):757–66.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Griffith CC, Schmitt AC, Pantanowitz L, Monaco SE. A pattern-based risk-stratification scheme for salivary gland cytology: a multi-institutional, interobserver variability study to determine applicability. Cancer. 2017;125(10):776–85.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rohilla M, Singh P, Rajwanshi A, Gupta N, Srinivasan R, Dey P, et al. Three-year cytohistological correlation of salivary gland FNA cytology at a tertiary center with the application of the Milan system for risk stratification. Cancer. 2017;125(10):767–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sharma G, Jung AS, Maceri DR, Rice DH, Martin SE, Grant EG. US-guided fine-needle aspiration of major salivary gland masses and adjacent lymph nodes: accuracy and impact on clinical decision making. Radiology. 2011;259:471–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Oeppen RS, Gibson D, Brennan PA. An update on the use of ultrasound imaging in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48:412–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Siewert B, Kruskal JB, Kelly D, Sosna J, Kane RA. Utility and safety of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of salivary gland masses including a cytologist’s review. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23:777–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Breeze J, Poller DN, Gibson D, Tilley EA, Cooke L, Soar E, et al. Rapid on-site assessment of specimens by biomedical scientists improves the quality of head and neck fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytopathol: Off J Br Soc Clin Cytol. 2014;25(5):316–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Brennan PA, Herd MK, Howlett DC, Gibson D, Oeppen RS. Is ultrasound alone sufficient for imaging superficial lobe benign parotid tumours before surgery? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50:333–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Douville NJ, Bradford CR. Comparison of ultrasound-guided core biopsy versus fine–needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of salivary gland lesions. Head Neck. 2012; https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23193. [Epub ahead of print].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Michelow P, Dezube BJ, Pantanowitz L. Fine needle aspiration of salivary gland masses in HIV-infected patients. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011;40:684–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Goff CJ, Allred C, Glade RS. Current management of congenital branchial cleft cysts, sinuses, and fistulae. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;20:533–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Papadogeorgakis N, Petsinis V, Parara E, Papaspyrou K, Goutzanis L, Alexandridis C. Branchial cleft cysts in adults. Diagnostic procedures and treatment in a series of 18 cases. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;13:79–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Carlson ER. Diagnosis and management of salivary gland infections. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009;21:293–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ferry JA, Deshpande V. IgG4-related disease in the head and neck. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2012;29:235–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wallace ZS, Khosroshahi A, Jakobiec FA, Deshpande V, Hatton MP, Ritter J, et al. IgG4-related systemic disease as a cause of “idiopathic” orbital inflammation, including orbital myositis, and trigeminal nerve involvement. Surv Ophthalmol. 2012;57:26–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Batsakis JG. Granulomatous sialadenitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1991;100:166–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ma Q, Song H. Diagnosis and management of lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31:959–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Agale SV, D’Costa GF, Hastak MS, Shedge RT. Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the salivary gland: a spectrum of lymphoepithelial sialadenitis, low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue with transformation to high-grade lymphoma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010;53:364–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ihrler S, Rath C, Zengel P, Kirchner T, Harrison JD, Weiler C. Pathogenesis of sialadenosis: possible role of functionally deficient myoepithelial cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110:218–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gupta S, Sodhani P. Sialadenosis of parotid gland: a cytomorphologic and morphometric study of four cases. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1998;20:225–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ethunandan M, Vura G, Umar T, Anand R, Pratt CA, Macpherson DW, et al. Lipomatous lesions of the parotid gland. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;64:1583–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fulciniti F, Losito NS, Ionna F, Longo F, Aversa C, Botti G, et al. Sclerosing polycystic adenosis of the parotid gland: report of one case diagnosed by fine-needle cytology with in situ malignant transformation. Diagn Cytopathol. 2010;38:368–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bharadwaj G, Nawroz I, O’Regan B. Sclerosing polycystic adenosis of the parotid gland. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;45:74–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Skálová A, Gnepp DR, Simpson RH, Lewis JE, Janssen D, Sima R. Clonal nature of sclerosing polycystic adenosis of salivary glands demonstrated by using the polymorphism of the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) locus as a marker. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:939–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Carrillo JF, Ramírez R, Flores L, Ramirez-Ortega MC, Arrecillas MD, Ibarra M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy in preoperative diagnosis of patients with parotid gland masses. J Surg Oncol. 2009;100:133–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cohen EG, Patel SG, Lin O, Boyle JO, Kraus DH, Singh B, et al. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of salivary gland lesions in a selected patient population. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:773–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Brennan PA, Davies B, Poller D, Mead Z, Bayne D, Puxeddu R, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of salivary gland tumours: repeat aspiration provides further information in cases with an unclear initial cytological diagnosis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;48:26–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Batsakis JG, Kraemer B, Sciubba JJ. The pathology of head and neck tumors: the myoepithelial cell and its participation in salivary gland neoplasia, part 17. Head Neck Surg. 1983;5:222–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Spiro RH. Salivary neoplasms: overview of a 35-year experience with 2,807 patients. Head Neck Surg. 1986;8:177–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Passi D, Ram H, Dutta SR, Revansidha Malkunje L. Pleomorphic adenoma of soft palate: unusual occurrence of the major tumor in minor salivary gland-a case report and literature review. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2017;16(4):500–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tsegga TM, Britt JD, Ellwanger AR. Pleomorphic adenoma of the accessory parotid gland: case report and reappraisal of intraoral extracapsular dissection for management. J Oral Maxillofac Surg: Off J Am Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(3):564–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Chen L, Ray N, He H, Hoschar A. Cytopathologic analysis of stroma-poor salivary gland epithelial/myoepithelial neoplasms on fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol. 2012;56:25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Pusztaszeri M, Braunschweig R, Mihaescu A. Pleomorphic adenoma with predominant plasmocytoid myoepithelial cells: a diagnostic pitfall in aspiration cytology. Case report and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol. 2009;37:56–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yang GC, Waisman J. Distinguishing adenoid cystic carcinoma from cylindromatous adenomas in salivary fine-needle aspirates: the cytologic clues and their ultrastructural basis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2006;34:284–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kajor M, et al. Schwannomalike mixed tumor of the parotid gland: a case report. Acta Cytol. 2006;50:529–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kajor M, Gierek T, Markowski J, Pajak J. Nodular fasciitis of parotid region: a pitfall in the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenomas on fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2005;33:191–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Das DK, Anim JT. Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland: to what extent does fine needle aspiration cytology reflect histopathological features? Cytopathology. 2005;16:65–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ellis GL, Auclair PL. Tumors of the salivary glands. Silver Springs: ARP Press; 2008. p. 71–3.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ahn S, Kim Y, Oh YL. Fine needle aspiration cytology of benign salivary gland tumors with myoepithelial cell participation: an institutional experience of 575 cases. Acta Cytol. 2013;57(6):567–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Bhat A, Rao M, Geethamani V, Shetty AC. Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland: cytological diagnosis of an uncommon tumor. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2015;19(1):106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Hara H, Oyama T, Saku T. Fine needle aspiration cytology of basal cell adenoma of the salivary gland. Acta Cytol. 2007;51:685–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hruban RH, Erozan YS, Zinreich SJ, Kashima HK. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of monomorphic adenomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988;90(1):46–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Nelson ZL, Newman L, Loukota RA, Williams DM. Bilateral multifocal canalicular adenomas of buccal minor salivary glands: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995;33:299–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Philpott CM, Kendall C, Murty GE. Canalicular adenoma of the parotid gland. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119:59–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Peraza AJ, Wright J, Gomez R. Canalicular adenoma: A systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017;45(10):1754–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Turk AT, Wenig BM. Pitfalls in the biopsy diagnosis of intraoral minor salivary gland neoplasms: diagnostic considerations and recommended approach. Adv Anat Pathol. 2014;21(1):1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Pogodzinski MS, Sabri AN, Lewis JE, Olsen KD. Retrospective study and review of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:2145–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Saenz-Santamaria J, Catalina-Fernandez I. Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland. Diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol. 2004;48:52–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Gibbons D, Saboorian MH, Vuitch F, Gokaslan ST, Ashfaq R. Fine-needle aspiration findings in patients with polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands. Cancer. 1999;87:31–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Batsakis JG, el-Naggar AK, Luna MA. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary glands. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1992;101:540–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Klijanienko J, Vielh P. Fine-needle sampling of salivary gland lesions. VII. Cytology and histology correlation of five cases of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol. 1998;19(6):405–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Firat P, Güler G, Sungur A, Akyol U. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol. 2001;24:224–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Yang GC, Soslow RA. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid. A case of ductal-predominant presentation with cytologic, histologic and ultrastructural correlations. Acta Cytol. 1999;43:1113–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Molnar SL, Zarka MA, De Las Casas LE. Going beyond “Basaloid neoplasm”: fine needle aspiration cytology of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland. Diagn Cytopathol. 2016;44(5):422–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Aisagbonhi OA, Tulecke MA, Wilbur DC, Goldar-Najafi A, Iqbal S, Sadow PM, et al. Fine-needle aspiration of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland with prominent adenoid cystic carcinoma-like cribriform features: avoiding a diagnostic pitfall. Am J Clin Pathol. 2016;146(6):741–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Al-Mamgani A, van Rooij P, Sewnaik A, Tans L, Hardillo JA, et al. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of parotid gland treated with surgery and radiotherapy: long-term outcomes, QoL assessment and review of the literature. Oral Oncol. 2012;48:278–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Tincani AJ, Del Negro A, Araújo PP, Akashi HK, Martins AS, Altemani AM, et al. Management of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma: institutional experience of a case series. Sao Paulo Med J. 2006;124:26–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Klijanienko J, Vielh P. Fine-needle sampling of salivary gland lesions. III. Cytologic and histologic correlation of 75 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma: review and experience at the Institut Curie with emphasis on cytologic pitfalls. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;17(1):36–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Antony J, Gopalan V, Smith RA, Lam AK. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: a comprehensive review of clinical, pathological and molecular data. Head Neck Pathol. 2012;6:1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Magaki SD, Bhuta S, Abemayor E, Nabili V, Sepahdari AR, Lai CK. Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland consisting of high-grade salivary duct carcinoma and keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120(3):e169–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Wong CF, Lee HY, Yap WM, Chuah KL, Goh JP, Khoo ML. Fine needle aspiration cytology of oncocytic myoepithelial carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Acta Cytol. 2010;54:1051–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Zbären P, Zbären S, Caversaccio MD, Stauffer E. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: diagnostic difficulty and outcome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138:601–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Klijanienko J, El-Naggar AK, Servois V, Rodriguez J, Validire P, Vielh P. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: nonspecific preoperative cytologic findings in six cases. Cancer. 1998;84(4):231–4.96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Daneshbod Y, Negahban S, Khademi B, Daneshbod K. Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland with malignant ductal and myoepithelial components arising in a pleomorphic adenoma: a case report with cytologic, histologic and immunohistochemical correlation. Acta Cytol. 2007;51:807–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Parwani AV, Lujan G, Ali SZ. Myoepithelial carcinoma arising in a pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland: report of a case with cytopathologic findings. Acta Cytol. 2006;50:93–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Khademi B, Kazemi T, Bayat A, Bahranifard H, Daneshbod Y, Mohammadianpanah M. Salivary gland myoepithelial neoplasms: a clinical and cytopathologic study of 15 cases and review of the literature. Acta Cytol. 2010;54:1111–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Elsheikh TM, Bernacki EG. Fine needle aspiration cytology of cellular pleomorphic adenoma. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:1165–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Das DK, Haji BE, Ahmed MS, Hossain MN. Myoepithelioma of the parotid gland initially diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology and immunocytochemistry: a case report. Acta Cytol. 2005;49:65–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Muller S, Barnes L. Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands. Report of seven cases and review of the literature. Cancer. 1996;78:2471–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Pisharodi LR. Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland. Diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;103:603–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Moroz K, Ferreira C, Dhurandhar N. Fine needle aspiration of basal cell adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland. Report of a case with assessment of DNA ploidy in aspirates and tissue sections by image analysis. Acta Cytol. 1996;40:773–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Ikeda K, Watanabe M, Oshima T, Nakabayashi S, Kudo T, Sawai T, et al. A case of basal cell adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1998;186:51–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Tawfik O, Tsue T, Pantazis C, Nuckols D, Younes S, Webb P. Salivary gland neoplasms with basaloid cell features: report of two cases diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 1999;21:46–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Tse GM, To EW, Yuen EH, Chen M. Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland: report of a case with morphology on fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol. 2001;45:775–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Mardi K, Kaushal V, Asotra S. Basal cell adenocarcinoma of submandibular salivary gland-problems in cytologic diagnosis. J Cytol. 2011;28:203–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Ellis GL, Corio RL. Acinic cell adenocarcinoma. A clinicopathologic analysis of 294 cases. Cancer. 1983;52:542–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Palma O, Torri AM, de Cristofaro JA, Fiaccavento S. Fine needle aspiration cytology in two cases of well-differentiated acinic-cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. Discussion of diagnostic criteria. Acta Cytol. 1985;29:516–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Klijanienko J, Vielh P. Fine-needle sample of salivary gland lesions. V: cytology of 22 cases of acinic cell carcinoma with histologic correlation. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;17(5):347–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Prieto-Rodríguez M, Artés-Martínez MJ, Navarro-Hervás M, Camañas-Sanz A, Vera-Sempere FJ. Cytological characteristics of acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). A study of four cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2005;10:103–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Nagel H, Laskawi R, Büter JJ, Schröder M, Chilla R, Droese M. Cytologic diagnosis of acinic-cell carcinoma of salivary glands. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;16:402–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Johnykutty S, Miller CH, Hoda RS, Giampoli EJ. Fine-needle aspiration of dedifferentiated acinic cell carcinoma: report of a case with cyto-histological correlation. Diagn Cytopathol. 2009;37:763–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. González-Peramato P, Jiménez-Heffernan JA, López-Ferrer P, Vicandi B, Viguer JM. Fine needle aspiration cytology of dedifferentiated acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland: a case report. Acta Cytol. 2006;50:105–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Luna MA. Salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma: revisited. Adv Anat Pathol. 2006;13:293–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Wade TV, Livolsi VA, Montone KT, Baloch ZW. A cytohistologic correlation of mucoepidermoid carcinoma: emphasizing the rare oncocytic variant. Pathol Res Int. 2011;2011:135796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Klijanienko J, Vielh P. Fine-needle sampling of salivary gland lesions. IV. Review of 50 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma with histologic correlation. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;17(2):92–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Brachtel EF, Pilch BZ, Khettry U, Zembowicz A, Faquin WC. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of a cystic pleomorphic adenoma with extensive adnexa-like differentiation: differential diagnostic pitfall with mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol. 2003;28:100–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Stanley MW. Selected problems in fine needle aspiration of head and neck masses. Mod Pathol. 2002;15:342–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Layfield LJ, Gopez EV. Cystic lesions of the salivary glands: cytologic features in fine-needle aspiration biopsies. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002;27:197–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ballo MS, Shin HJ, Sneige N. Sources of diagnostic error in the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of Warthin’s tumor and clues to a correct diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997;17:230–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Mooney EE, Dodd LG, Layfield LJ. Squamous cells in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of salivary gland lesions: potential pitfalls in cytologic diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;15:447–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Oza N, Sanghvi K, Shet T, Patil A, Menon S, Ramadwar M, et al. Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of parotid: is preoperative cytological diagnosis possible? Diagnostic Cytopathol. 2016;44(6):519–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Hsieh MS, Chou YH, Yeh SJ, Chang YL. Papillary-cystic pattern is characteristic in mammary analogue secretory carcinomas but is rarely observed in acinic cell carcinomas of the salivary gland. Virchows Archiv: An International Journal of Pathology. 2015;467(2):145–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Takeda M, Kasai T, Morita K, Takeuchi M, Nishikawa T, Yamashita A, et al. Cytopathological features of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma--review of literature. Diagnostic Cytopathol. 2015;43(2):131–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Veder LL, Kerrebijn JD, Smedts FM, den Bakker MA. Diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology in Warthin tumors. Head Neck. 2010;32:1635–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Verma K, Kapila K. Salivary gland tumors with a prominent oncocytic component. Cytologic findings and differential diagnosis of oncocytomas and Warthin’s tumor on fine needle aspirates. Acta Cytol. 2003;47:221–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Eneroth CM, Zajicek J. Aspiration biopsy of salivary gland tumors. II. Morphologic studies on smears and histologic sections from oncocytic tumors (45 cases of papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum and 4 cases of oncocytoma). Acta Cytol. 1965;9:355–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Rooper LM, Onenerk M, Siddiqui MT, Faquin WC, Bishop JA, Ali SZ. Nodular oncocytic hyperplasia: can cytomorphology allow for the preoperative diagnosis of a nonneoplastic salivary disease? Cancer. 2017;125(8):627–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Chakrabarti I, Basu A, Ghosh N. Oncocytic lesion of parotid gland: a dilemma for cytopathologists. J Cytol/Indian Acad Cytologists. 2012;29(1):80–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Rajesh NG, Prayaga AK, Sundaram C. Salivary duct carcinoma: correlation of morphologic features by fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathology. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2011;54:37–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kinnera VS, Mandyam KR, Chowhan AK, Nandyala R, Bobbidi VP, Vutukuru VR. Salivary duct carcinoma of parotid gland. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2009;13:85–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Klijanienko J, Vielh P. Cytologic characteristics and histomorphologic correlations of 21 salivary duct carcinomas. Diagn Cytopathol. 1998;19(5):333–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Afzelius LE, Cameron WR, Svensson C. Salivary duct carcinoma—a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Head Neck Surg. 1987;9:151–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Laco J, Podhola M, Dolezalova H. Low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma of the parotid gland: a neoplasm with favorable prognosis, distinct from salivary duct carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol. 2010;18:369–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Nakazawa T, Kondo T, Yuminomochi T, Nakazawa K, Ishii Y, Mochizuki K, et al. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma of the salivary gland. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011;39(3):218–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Stanley MW, Bardales RH, Farmer CE, Frierson HF Jr, Suhrland M, Powers CN, et al. Primary and metastatic high-grade carcinomas of the salivary glands: a cytologic-histologic correlation study of twenty cases. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995;13:37–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Pettinato G, Insabato L, De Chiara A, Manco A, Petrella G. High-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast. Fine needle aspiration cytology and clinicopathologic study of a case. Acta Cytol. 1989;33:195–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Klijanienko J, Lagace R, Servois V, Lussier C, El-Naggar AK, Vielh P. Fine-needle sampling of primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of salivary glands: cytohistological correlations and clinical analysis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2001;24(3):163–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Klijanienko J, Vielh P. Fine-needle sampling of salivary gland lesions. VI. Cytological review of 44 cases of primary salivary squamous-cell carcinoma with histological correlation. Diagn Cytopathol. 1998;18(3):174–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Bjørndal K, Krogdahl A, Therkildsen MH, Overgaard J, Johansen J, Kristensen CA, et al. Salivary gland carcinoma in Denmark 1990–2005: outcome and prognostic factors. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA). Oral Oncol. 2012;48:179–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Lussier C, Klijanienko J, Vielh P. Fine-needle aspiration of metastatic nonlymphomatous tumors to the major salivary glands: a clinicopathologic study of 40 cases cytologically diagnosed and histologically correlated. Cancer. 2000;90(6):350–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Gupta N, Banik T, Rajwanshi A, Radotra BD, Panda N, Dey P, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology of oral and oropharyngeal lesions with an emphasis on the diagnostic utility and pitfalls. J Cancer Res Ther. 2012;8:626–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Shah SB, Singer MI, Liberman E, Ljung BM. Transmucosal fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of intraoral and intrapharyngeal lesions. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:1232–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Daskalopoulou D, Rapidis AD, Maounis N, Markidou S. Fine-needle aspiration cytology in tumors and tumor-like conditions of the oral and maxillofacial region: diagnostic reliability and limitations. Cancer. 1997;81:238–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Scher RL, Oostingh PE, Levine PA, Cantrell RW, Feldman PS. Role of fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of lesions of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and nasopharynx. Cancer. 1988;62:2602–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Bardales RH, Baker SJ, Mukunyadzi P. Fine-needle aspiration cytology findings in 214 cases of nonparotid lesions of the head. Diagn Cytopathol. 2000;22:211–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Domanski HA, Akerman M. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of tongue swellings: a study of 75 cases. Diagn Cytopathol. 1998;18:387–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Persson PG, Domanski HA. Fine needle aspiration cytology of uterine leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the tongue. Acta Cytol. 1998;42:1066–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Schmid S, Tinguely M, Cione P, Moch H, Bode B. Flow cytometry as an accurate tool to complement fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of low grade malignant lymphomas. Cytopathology. 2011;22:397–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Dictor M, Skogvall I, Warenholt J, Rambech E. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction on FTA cards vs. flow cytometry for B-lymphocyte clonality. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45:339–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Jereczek-Fossa BA, Jassem J, Orecchia R. Cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown primary. Cancer Treat Rev. 2004;30:153–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Goldenberg D, Sciubba J, Koch WM. Cystic metastasis from head and neck squamous cell cancer: a distinct disease variant? Head Neck. 2006;28:633–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Rosa M, Sahoo S. Bilateral carotid body tumor: the role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the preoperative diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36:178–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Masilamani S, Duvuru P, Sundaram S. Fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of a case of carotid body tumour. Singap Med J. 2012;53:e35–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Monabati A, Hodjati H, Kumar PV. Cytologic findings in carotid body tumors. Acta Cytol. 2002;46:1101–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Rana RS, Dey P, Das A. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of extra-adrenal paragangliomas. Cytopathology. 1997;8:108–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Brewin J, Hill M, Ellis H. The prevalence of cervical ribs in a London population. Clin Anat. 2009;22:331–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

    Elwira Bakuła-Zalewska

  2. Department of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

    Henryk A. Domanski

  3. Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London, London, UK

    Gabrijela Kocjan

Authors
  1. Elwira Bakuła-Zalewska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Henryk A. Domanski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gabrijela Kocjan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elwira Bakuła-Zalewska .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

    Henryk A. Domanski

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bakuła-Zalewska, E., Domanski, H.A., Kocjan, G. (2019). Salivary Glands and Head and Neck. In: Domanski, H. (eds) Atlas of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76980-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76980-6_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76979-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76980-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation