Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Options After Chemotherapy for Patients with Metastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Prostate Cancer

  • 1083 Accesses

Abstract

The management of metastatic CRPC continues to rapidly evolve. Over the past decade, multiple large trials have provided level I evidence for an improvement in overall survival among men with docetaxel-refractory CRPC with four different agents: cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, and radium-223. In addition, the use of vitamin D, denosumab, and zoledronic acid have been found to improve bone health and decrease the morbidity associated with skeletal fractures associated with treatment. Future research to discover and enhance optimization of sequencing and combination strategies as well as new therapeutic modalities should continue to improve the quality of life and prolong survival for men with metastatic CRPC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:7–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Shariat S, Kattan M, Vickers A, Karakiewicz P, Scardino P. Critical review of prostate cancer predictive tools. Future Oncol. 2009;5:1555–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Harzstark A, Small E. Castrate-resistant prostate cancer: therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11:937–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lassi K, Dawson N. Emerging therapies in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21:260–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. James ND, de Bono JS, Spears MR, et al. Abiraterone for prostate cancer not previously treated with hormone therapy. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:338–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fizazi K, Tran N, Fein L, et al. Abiraterone plus prednisone in metastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:352–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sweeney CJ, Chen YH, Carducci M, et al. Chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:737–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. James ND, Sydes MR, Clarke NW, et al. Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to first-line long-term hormone therapy in prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): survival results from an adaptive, multiarm, multistage, platform randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1163–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1513–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stockler MR, et al. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1756–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:411–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1147–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, et al. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1995–2005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1187–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, et al. Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:213–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cookson MS, Roth BJ, Dahm P, et al. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: AUA Guideline. J Urol. 2013;190:429–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Cookson MS, Lowrance WT, Murad MH, Kibel AS, Association AU. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: AUA guideline amendment. J Urol. 2015;193:491–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Heidenreich A, Bastian PJ, Bellmunt J, et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II: treatment of advanced, relapsing, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2014;65:467–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mohler JL, Armstrong AJ, Bahnson RR, et al. Prostate cancer, version 1.2016. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2016;14:19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Alemayehu B, Buysman E, Parry D, Becker L, Nathan F. Economic burden and healthcare utilization associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer in a commercial and Medicare advantage US patient population. J Med Econ. 2010;13:351–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Scher HI, Solo K, Valant J, Todd MB, Mehra M. Prevalence of prostate cancer clinical states and mortality in the United States: estimates using a dynamic progression model. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0139440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hirst CJ, Cabrera C, Kirby M. Epidemiology of castration resistant prostate cancer: a longitudinal analysis using a UK primary care database. Cancer Epidemiol. 2012;36:e349–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kirby M, Hirst C, Crawford ED. Characterising the castration-resistant prostate cancer population: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2011;65:1180–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Smith MR, Kabbinavar F, Saad F, et al. Natural history of rising serum prostate-specific antigen in men with castrate nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2918–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Patrikidou A, Loriot Y, Eymard JC, et al. Who dies from prostate cancer? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2014;17:348–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Omlin A, Pezaro C, Mukherji D, et al. Improved survival in a cohort of trial participants with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer demonstrates the need for updated prognostic nomograms. Eur Urol. 2013;64:300–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Semenza GL. Defining the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in cancer biology and therapeutics. Oncogene. 2010;29:625–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Maxwell PJ, Gallagher R, Seaton A, et al. HIF-1 and NF-kappaB-mediated upregulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression promotes cell survival in hypoxic prostate cancer cells. Oncogene. 2007;26:7333–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Borst P, Evers R, Kool M, Wijnholds J. A family of drug transporters: the multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1295–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Verrills NM, Po’uha ST, Liu ML, et al. Alterations in gamma-actin and tubulin-targeted drug resistance in childhood leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1363–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yamanaka K, Rocchi P, Miyake H, et al. Induction of apoptosis and enhancement of chemosensitivity in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells using bispecific antisense oligonucleotide targeting Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL genes. BJU Int. 2006;97:1300–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. O’Donnell A, Judson I, Dowsett M, et al. Hormonal impact of the 17alpha-hydroxylase/C(17,20)-lyase inhibitor abiraterone acetate (CB7630) in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:2317–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, et al. Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: final overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:983–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Logothetis CJ, Basch E, Molina A, et al. Effect of abiraterone acetate and prednisone compared with placebo and prednisone on pain control and skeletal-related events in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: exploratory analysis of data from the COU-AA-301 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:1210–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hoy SM. Abiraterone acetate: a review of its use in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Drugs. 2013;73:2077–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Trachtenberg J, Zadra J. Steroid synthesis inhibition by ketoconazole: sites of action. Clin Invest Med. 1988;11:1–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Small EJ, Baron AD, Fippin L, Apodaca D. Ketoconazole retains activity in advanced prostate cancer patients with progression despite flutamide withdrawal. J Urol. 1997;157:1204–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Small EJ, Baron A, Bok R. Simultaneous antiandrogen withdrawal and treatment with ketoconazole and hydrocortisone in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;80(9):1755.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Harris KA, Weinberg V, Bok RA, Kakefuda M, Small EJ. Low dose ketoconazole with replacement doses of hydrocortisone in patients with progressive androgen independent prostate cancer. J Urol. 2002;168:542–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Johnson DE, Babaian RJ, von Eschenbach AC, Wishnow KI, Tenney D. Ketoconazole therapy for hormonally refractive metastatic prostate cancer. Urology. 1988;31:132–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Keizman D, Huang P, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA. Contemporary experience with ketoconazole in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: clinical factors associated with PSA response and disease progression. Prostate. 2012;72:461–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Miller K, et al. Effect of enzalutamide on time to first skeletal-related event, pain, and quality of life in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from the randomised, phase 3 AFFIRM trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:1147–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cella D, Ivanescu C, Holmstrom S, Bui CN, Spalding J, Fizazi K. Impact of enzalutamide on quality of life in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after chemotherapy: additional analyses from the AFFIRM randomized clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:179–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf DE, et al. Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:424–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Galsky MD, Dritselis A, Kirkpatrick P, Oh WK. Cabazitaxel. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9:677–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Eymard JC, Oudard S, Gravis G, et al. Docetaxel reintroduction in patients with metastatic castration-resistant docetaxel-sensitive prostate cancer: a retrospective multicentre study. BJU Int. 2010;106:974–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Beer TM, Ryan CW, Venner PM, et al. Intermittent chemotherapy in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer: results from ASCENT, a double-blinded, randomized comparison of high-dose calcitriol plus docetaxel with placebo plus docetaxel. Cancer. 2008;112:326–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Di Lorenzo G, Buonerba C, Faiella A, et al. Phase II study of docetaxel re-treatment in docetaxel-pretreated castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2011;107:234–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Loriot Y, Massard C, Gross-Goupil M, et al. The interval from the last cycle of docetaxel-based chemotherapy to progression is associated with the efficacy of subsequent docetaxel in patients with prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:1770–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hoskin P, Sartor O, O’Sullivan JM, et al. Efficacy and safety of radium-223 dichloride in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and symptomatic bone metastases, with or without previous docetaxel use: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the randomised, double-blind, phase 3 ALSYMPCA trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:1397–406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Saylor PJ, Lee RJ, Smith MR. Emerging therapies to prevent skeletal morbidity in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3705–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Greenspan SL, Nelson JB, Trump DL, Resnick NM. Effect of once-weekly oral alendronate on bone loss in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:416–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Michaelson MD, Kaufman DS, Lee H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of annual zoledronic acid to prevent gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced bone loss in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1038–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Smith MR, McGovern FJ, Zietman AL, et al. Pamidronate to prevent bone loss during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:948–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1502–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chrischilles EA, Butler CD, Davis CS, Wallace RB. A model of lifetime osteoporosis impact. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:2026–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Magaziner J, Hawkes W, Hebel JR, et al. Recovery from hip fracture in eight areas of function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55:M498–507.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Cummings SR, Kelsey JL, Nevitt MC, O’Dowd KJ. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiol Rev. 1985;7:178–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293:2257–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Datta M, Schwartz GG. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a critical review. Oncologist. 2012;17(9):1171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lind L, Skarfors E, Berglund L, Lithell H, Ljunghall S. Serum calcium: a new, independent, prospective risk factor for myocardial infarction in middle-aged men followed for 18 years. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:967–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Li K, Kaaks R, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S. Associations of dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation with myocardial infarction and stroke risk and overall cardiovascular mortality in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC-Heidelberg). Heart. 2012;98:920–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Schwartz GG, Skinner HG. A prospective study of total and ionized serum calcium and time to fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2012;21:1768–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rogers MJ, Watts DJ, Russell RG. Overview of bisphosphonates. Cancer. 1997;80:1652–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Smith MR, Eastham J, Gleason DM, Shasha D, Tchekmedyian S, Zinner N. Randomized controlled trial of zoledronic acid to prevent bone loss in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Urol. 2003;169:2008–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Morabito N, Gaudio A, Lasco A, et al. Neridronate prevents bone loss in patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1766–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Diamond TH, Winters J, Smith A, et al. The antiosteoporotic efficacy of intravenous pamidronate in men with prostate carcinoma receiving combined androgen blockade: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Cancer. 2001;92:1444–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, et al. Long-term efficacy of zoledronic acid for the prevention of skeletal complications in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:879–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hoff AO, Toth BB, Altundag K, et al. Frequency and risk factors associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients treated with intravenous bisphosphonates. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23:826–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Advisory Task Force on Bisphosphonate-Related Ostenonecrosis of the Jaws, American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65:369–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernández Toriz N, et al. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:745–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet. 2011;377:813–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Daniel J. Lee M.D.

  2. Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA

    Neal D. Shore M.D., F.A.C.S.

Authors
  1. Daniel J. Lee M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neal D. Shore M.D., F.A.C.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel J. Lee M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urologic Surgery and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Sam S. Chang

  2. Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA

    Michael S. Cookson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lee, D.J., Shore, N.D. (2018). Options After Chemotherapy for Patients with Metastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. In: Chang, S., Cookson, M. (eds) Prostate Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78646-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78646-9_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78645-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78646-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation