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DNA Viruses in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases

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The Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases and Infection

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Abstract

Infections with DNA viruses are found in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases, but whether or not there is a causal link between the infectious agent and the rheumatic disease is not clear. For a few rheumatic diseases, such as polyarteritis nodosa and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, the causal link between the disease and the virus, in these cases hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, respectively, is obvious. In other diseases, there is more speculation rather than solid evidence that the diseases are indeed induced by a DNA virus. We must acknowledge, however, the tremendous work which is done in this field at the experimental level, either through research on experimental models of rheumatic diseases or through translational research performed in biological material obtained from patients. A significant pitfall for translational research is the inability to perform proper assessment in patients at the very early stages of the disease or even long before the disease appears as this would assist efforts to delineate the hierarchy of events leading to the induction of the disease as a consequence of viral infection. Irrespective of the pathogenic mechanisms at play between the virus and the host, an important issue is that of reactivation of the viral infection in immunosuppressed patients, especially those under biologic treatment.

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Abbreviations

AAV:

ANCA-associated vasculitis

ACPA:

Anti-citrullinated protein antibody

AIRD:

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases

ANCA:

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

ARD:

Autoimmune rheumatic disease

CENP-B:

Centromere protein B

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

DAS:

Disease activity score

DRESS:

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic syndrome

dsDNA:

Double-stranded DNA

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

GC:

Germinal center

GPA:

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

HBsAg:

Hepatitis B surface antigen

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HHV:

Human herpesvirus

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

IFN:

Interferon

LN:

Lupus nephritis

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PR3:

Proteinase-3

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SS:

Sjogren’s syndrome

SSc:

Systemic sclerosis

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

    Lazaros I. Sakkas & Dimitrios P. Bogdanos

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  1. Lazaros I. Sakkas
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  1. Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Gaafar Ragab

  2. University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    T. Prescott Atkinson

  3. University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Matthew L. Stoll

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Sakkas, L.I., Bogdanos, D.P. (2018). DNA Viruses in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. In: Ragab, G., Atkinson, T., Stoll, M. (eds) The Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases and Infection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79026-8_11

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